BUMI DALAM TATASURYA

• Matahari dan planet-planetnya

• Anatomi bumi
• Dinamika bumi
Orbital change

Axial tilt change Wobble

Distributian of day and night; and climate along year
Energy budget
 Heat Flow

0 40 60 85 120 180 240 350

mW m-2
 The hottest and
the coldest places
Winds circulation
Winds circulation
Siklon dan antisiklon
rendahan dan tinggian

TINGGIAN

RENDAHAN (dekat permukaan)

Isobar dan arah angin
Pembentukan siklon dan
antisiklon
Spiral awan
How does water move among
reservoirs?
 Ocean Currents
• Redistribute heat across planet
Sirkulasi air di samudera
 Weather and Climate

What is weather?
What is climate?
How do they differ?

• Weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere

at a particular place at any given time
• Climate is a long-term composite of weather
conditions at a particular place
• Short term versus long term---that is how they
differ
Iklim dunia
5. Landforms and Surface Processes
H.C. Berann (1915-1999)
Yosemite National Park, 1987
• Glaciers
• Mass Wasting
• Streams

• Shorelines
• Deserts
• Groundwater
http://www.berann.com
 What drives plate motions
• Forces that drive plate
motion
– Slab-pull
• Cold, dense slabs of
subducted oceanic
lithosphere pull the plate
towards the subduction zone
– Ridge-push
• The higher elevation of
spreading centers result in
oceanic lithosphere wanting
to move “downhill”, away
from the ridge
• Far less important than
slab-pull
– Mantle drag and plate
resistance
• Can act to increase or
decrease plate motion
Mantle convection provides
the primary drive for
plate tectonics
 What drives plate motions
• Models of plate-mantle
convection
• Any model must be consistent
with observed physical and
chemical properties of the
mantle
• Horizontal movement of
plates causes mantle
upwelling
• Models
– Layering at 660 km
– Explains why basalts
erupted at mid-ocean
ridges are different (more
evolved, relatively shallow
source) compared to those
erupted at hot-spots
(more primitive, deeper
source).
– We know that subducting
slabs descend beneath 660
 What drives plate motions
• Whole-mantle convection
– Would mix the entire
mantle in the space of a
few hundred million
years, removing
heterogeneities
 What drives plate motions
• Deep-layer model
– “Lava lamp model”
– Two layers swell and
shrink in a complex
fashion in response to
heat from the Earth’s
interior
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