Welcome To My

Presentation

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 CELLULAR CONCEPT

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 Introduction: 1 Sagor, Abidur Rahman

2 18-38599-2

3 EEE

Telecommunications Engineering (Theory)

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5 Section: A

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Contents
Introduction
The Cellular Concept
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems
Handover
Hand over Parameter
Performance of Handovers
Umbrella Cell
Conclusion
References
 INTRODUCTION

 Early mobile radio system was to achieve a large coverage areas by using
high powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower.

 In this case it is impossible to reuse those same frequencies throughout the

system.

 Cellular concept is a system level idea which calls for replacing a single ,
high power transmitter with low power small transmitters with each providing
coverage to only a small portion of service area.

 Nearby base station are assigned different groups of channels so that all the
available channels are assigned to a relatively small no. of neighboring base
stations.
 The Cellular Concept
Cell: Cluster of 7 cells
Its a geographical unit of a cellular network; is the area around
an antenna where a specific frequency range is used; is
represented graphically as a hexagonal shape, but in reality it
is irregular in shape
Cells
Cluster:
 A Cluster is a group of adjacent cells, usually 7 cells; no
frequency reuse is done within a cluster
 The frequency spectrum is divided into sub bands and each
sub band is used within one cell of the cluster
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems:
Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems:
Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems:
Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems:
Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems:
Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
Capacity Increment Techniques in Cellular Systems:
Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
 Handover / Hand-off
 The process of transferring a mobile user from one channel or base station to another.

 important task in any cellular radio

system.

 must be performed successfully,

infrequently, and imperceptible to users.

 identify a new base station.

 channel allocation in new base station.

 high priority than initiation request

 Handover Parameter
 PMIN_USABLE is the minimum usable signal level.

 PHANDOFF is the threshold received signal level

at which a handoff will be initiated.  Successful Handoff
∆ = PHANDOFF – PMIN_USABLE  no call loss occurs

 We must have an optimize ∆.

 Too large => too many handoffs .
 Too small => too many lost calls.

 Value of ∆ depends on:  Unsuccessful Handoff

 Environment.  call loss occurs

 Expected mobile speeds.

 Time required to perform a handoff.

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 Performance of Handovers
 Handovers is accounting for varying mobile speeds. It also affects design phase of cellular system.

 Large Cells (Macrocellular)

 Cell radii several km
 High speed mobiles
 Problem: Cells too large to provide required capacity for dense user bases.

 Small Cells (Microcellular)

 Cell radii only 100-200 m
 Problem: Excessive handoffs occur when high-speed mobiles are present.
 Low-speed mobiles
 CONTD….

 Umbrella Cells
 Combine large and small cells
 Microcells increase system capacity
 Macrocells reduce load on system due to excessive handoffs
 Allows for increased capacity while reducing number of handoffs.
Umbrella Cell

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 Conclusion
 Cellular communications globally is something that people can expect as technology
advances.

 Wireless communications has a lot of benefits and can make the world a lot more efficient.

 The development of Cellular Communication is the first step towards a true personal
communication system that will allow communication anywhere, anytime, and with anyone.
 Reference

[1]. www.wikipedia.org
[2]. www.sciencedirect.com
[3]. www.electronics-notes.com
[4]. www.elprocus.com
[5]. www.circuitdigest.com
 THANK YOU

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