Refrigeration Compressors: A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

Refrigeration Compressors
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
condenser
expansion
device
compressor
evaporator
Refrigeration Cycle
F E condenser D C
pressure
expansion
device compressor
A evaporator B
© American Standard Inc. 2000 enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

period one
Compressor Types

scroll
reciprocating
helical-rotary
© American Standard Inc. 2000

centrifugal Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN
Reciprocating Compressor
intake
stroke
discharge
valve
suction
valve
refrigerant piston
vapor
rod
cylinder
compression
stroke
discharge
valve
suction
valve

headspace
discharge
valve
suction
valve
discharge
opening

suction cylinder headspace
opening
discharge
opening
piston
rod
motor crankshaft
Scroll Compressor
stationary
scroll
discharge
discharge
port
intake intake
motor
driven shaft
scroll
Scroll Compressor
journal motor
bearing shaft
direction
of rotation
driven
scroll
Scroll Compressor
intake
discharge
port
intake

Scroll Compressor
intake
phase
compression
phase
discharge
phase

Scroll Compressor
dome
discharge
opening
scrolls
motor
suction
opening
Helical-Rotary (Screw) Compressor

Helical-Rotary Compressor
female rotor
male rotor
housing

intake
port
pocket of refrigerant vapor

discharge
meshing point port
suction
opening
slide valve
motor
rotors
discharge
opening
Centrifugal Compressor
impeller

volute
diffuser
passages
radial
impeller
passages
blades impeller
refrigerant
enters
diffuser
velocity
refrigerant
refrigerant enters volute
static pressure
enters impeller
path through compressor

motor
inlet
vanes
suction impeller

Open Compressor
housing
compressor
crankshaft

Hermetic Compressor
housing
motor
compressor
piston

Semihermetic Compressor
piston
compressor
crankshaft
motor
housing
period two
Compressor Capacity Control

Methods of Compressor Unloading
 Reciprocating Cylinder Unloaders
 Scroll Cycle On and Off
 Helical-Rotary Slide Valve
 Centrifugal Inlet Vanes
Variable Speed

Cylinder Unloaders
controller
unloader
solenoid valve
piston
unloader cylinder
valve
refrigerant discharge
© American Standard Inc. 2000 vapor Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN
Cylinder Unloaders
controller
unloader
solenoid valve
unloader
valve
refrigerant discharge
© American Standard Inc. 2000 vapor Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN
Capacity Versus Suction Temperature
40 tons
de rs
[140.7 kW]
6 cylin
ders
4 cylin
capacity
20 tons
ders
[70.3 kW]
2 cylin
0 tons
[0 kW] 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F
[-6.7°C] [-1.1°C] [4.4°C] [10°C]
© American Standard Inc. 2000 suction temperature Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN
Compressor Unloading
40 tons
de rs
[140.7 kW]
6 cylin
B A ders
4 cylin
capacity
20 tons D ders
[70.3 kW] C 2 cylin
E
F
0 tons
[0 kW] 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F
[-6.7°C] [-1.1°C] [4.4°C] [10°C]
Alternating Cylinders On and Off
40 tons
de rs
[140.7 kW]
6 cylin
B A ders
4 cylin
capacity
25 tons
20 tons
[88 kW] D ders
[70.3 kW] C 2 cylin
0 tons
[0 kW] 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F
[-6.7°C] [-1.1°C] [4.4°C] [10°C]
Cycling On and Off
on off on off

Cycling Scroll Compressors
reciprocating scroll
# of # of
cylinders nominal compressors nominal
step active capacity active capacity
1 2 10 tons 1 10 tons
[35 kW] [35 kW]
2 4 20 tons 2 20 tons
[70 kW] [70 kW]
3 6 30 tons 3 30 tons
[105 kW] [105 kW]
4 8 40 tons 4 40 tons
[140 kW] [140 kW]

Cycling Scroll Compressors
A s s ors
40 tons B m p re
[140.7 kW] 4c o
ss o rs
D o m pre
3c
C rs
ss o
capacity
m pr e
20 tons F 2c o
[70.3 kW] E r
e s s o
om pr
H 1 c
G
0 tons
[0 kW] 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F
[-6.7°C] [-1.1°C] [4.4°C] [10°C]
Slide Valve
discharge housing
port
rotors
slide valve
Slide Valve
discharge
port
slide valve slide valve

(closed)
(open)
to suction
valve
opening
full load part load
Inlet Vanes
inlet vanes
impeller

Inlet Vanes
A
rg e 90
su
pressure difference
B 75
C
51 63
36
10 14 25 vane position
(degrees)
unloading line
© American Standard Inc. 2000 capacity Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

Variable Speed
variable-speed
drive
period three
The Compressor in a System

System-Level Control
direct expansion (DX)
chilled water
Constant-Volume DX System
supply
fan
DX cooling
coil
compressor
capacity thermostat
controller
Variable-Air-Volume DX System
sensor
supply
fan
DX cooling VAV
coil box
compressor
capacity thermostat
controller
Chilled-Water System
supply
coil fan
modulating
water valve
thermostat
evaporator
pump compressor
© American Standard Inc. 2000 capacity controller Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN
Preventing Evaporator Freeze-Up
A s s ors
40 tons freeze-up B m p re
4c o
[140.7 kW] occurs
ss o rs
D o m pre
3c
C rs
ss o
capacity
m pr e
20 tons F 2c o
[70.3 kW] E r
e s s o
om pr
H 1 c
I G
0 tons
[0 kW] 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F
[-6.7°C] [-1.1°C] [4.4°C] [10°C]
Sensing Suction Temperature
condenser
expansion compressor
valve suction
line
sensor
evaporator
Hot Gas Bypass to Evaporator Inlet
expansion valve
evaporator
liquid line
hot gas
bypass valve distributor
condenser suction line
compressor oil return line

Hot Gas Bypass to Suction Line
liquid line
evaporator
hot gas
bypass valve
solenoid
valve
liquid injection valve

condenser
suction line
compressor
period four
Review

Review—Period One
scroll
reciprocating
helical-rotary
centrifugal
Review—Period Two
 Reciprocating Cylinder Unloaders
 Scroll Cycle On and Off
 Helical-Rotary Slide Valve
 Centrifugal Inlet Vanes
Variable-Speed

Review—Period Three
 System-level control
 Constant-volume DX system
 Control by sensing space temperature
 VAV DX system
 Control by sensing supply air temperature
 Chilled-water system
 Control by sensing temperature of water leaving evaporator
 Preventing evaporator freeze-up
 Sensing suction temperature
 Hot gas bypass

Refrigeration Compressors: A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

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Refrigeration Compressors

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

pocket of refrigerant vapor

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

path through compressor

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

slide valve slide valve

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 capacity Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

direct expansion (DX)

condenser suction line

compressor oil return line

liquid injection valve

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC004-EN

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