COMPILATION OF THE

CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY
Nicolaus Copernicus is not famous for his contributions to reproductive science, but rather for his
contributions to ASTRONOMY. (Although he did work as a physician for a time, studying medicine, as
well as many other things such as economics, classical history, linguistics, and politics.) 
His famous theory was that it was the sun at the center of the universe, rather than the earth.
Although there were limitations to the Copernican model, it was an absolute breakthrough idea. One
such limitation was the fact that he still used a universe-based model, rather than a solar system
based one. In fact, our sun is at the center of our solar system, and definitely not the universe, or
even the galaxy. 
His theory was heliocentric (sun-centered) rather than geocentric (earth-centered). The geocentric
model is also called the Ptolemaic model, after the Greek philosopher Ptolemy. Decades after he first
came up with the heliocentric theory, Copernicus published his ideas in De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (In English: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). It summarized the theory.
Besides the idea that everything orbited the sun rather than the earth, the significant parts included
the idea that retrograde and direct motion could be explained by the rotation of the earth, the idea
that there is no one center of all the celestial circles and spheres, and the idea that the earth has
more than one motion (orbiting the sun, as well as rotating around). Most of these ended up being
true, as they were later proven by other great scientists. 
Copernicus's heliocentric theory began what became known as the Copernican Revolution, sparking
the ideas and experiments of later scientists like Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler. Most
significantly, Kepler modified Copernicus's theory from perfect circles to ellipses, and thus solved
many issues with the original model--especially the ones having to do with retrograde motion. 

NICOLAS COPERNICUS
Darwin changed the way people understood evolution forever. His main contribution
was more focused on science than anything else.
The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the
general public in his lifetime, while his theory of natural selection came to be widely
seen as the primary explanation of the process of evolution in the 1930s, and now
forms the basis of modern evolutionary theory.
To this day scientists evolutionary discoveries are still connected and expanding
from Darwin's original theory that was introduced nearly a century ago.
i.Evolution: species come and go through time, while they exist they change.
ii.Common descent: organisms are descended from one, or several common
ancestors and have diversified from this original stock
iii.Species multiply: the diversification of life involves populations of one species
diverging until they become two separate species; this has probably occurred
billions of times on earth!
iv.Gradualism: evolutionary change occurs through incremental small changes
within populations; new species are not created suddenly.
v.Natural selection: evolutionary change occurs through variation between
individuals; some variants give the individual an extra survival probability.

CHARLES DARWIN
Darwin changed the way people understood evolution forever. His main contribution
was more focused on science than anything else.
The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the
general public in his lifetime, while his theory of natural selection came to be widely
seen as the primary explanation of the process of evolution in the 1930s, and now
forms the basis of modern evolutionary theory.
To this day scientists evolutionary discoveries are still connected and expanding
from Darwin's original theory that was introduced nearly a century ago.
i.Evolution: species come and go through time, while they exist they change.
ii.Common descent: organisms are descended from one, or several common
ancestors and have diversified from this original stock
iii.Species multiply: the diversification of life involves populations of one species
diverging until they become two separate species; this has probably occurred
billions of times on earth!
iv.Gradualism: evolutionary change occurs through incremental small changes
within populations; new species are not created suddenly.
v.Natural selection: evolutionary change occurs through variation between
individuals; some variants give the individual an extra survival probability.

SIGMUND FREUD
As we are aware of Information Technology had its modern existence from
late sixties of the last century when the Arpanet was introduced, funded by
the department of defence of USA. After that the IT industry has come a long
way to its current shape where it is playing a very dominant role in our every
sphere of life. It has made revolutionary changes in information gathering and
dissemination as well as in global communication. It is creating a virtually
paperless work environment. Also we can now send a message very easily to
anywhere in the world in seconds. From education point of view we can have
a virtual class where the instructor could sit in any part of the world and his
students scattered in all different parts of the world through video conference
with presentation of study materials as well as question and answer sessions.
A doctor now sitting in any part of the world could perform a surgery where
the patient is lying in another part of the world. These simple examples show
where we stand today compared to what it was half a century back. But as we
know nothing in this world is purely good as everything has a dark side. In
this paper we would discuss the merits and demerits of implementing IT
globally and where we are heading to in future.

INFO TECH
It'simportant because it is one of the places
where the agricultural revolution took place
independently and because it was home to the
most advanced civilizations of North America
before Columbus. These included the Maya,
who developed a unique writing system and a
sophisticated calendar, and the Aztec.  Crops
that feed billions today, such as maize (corn),
tomatoes, peppers, avocados, and many beans,
were first domesticated in Mesoamerica.

MESO-AMERICAN
Asian Nations

Japan, China, and India are some of the most important

countries when it comes to technological developments and
contributions to the world. Interestingly enough, many
Asian nations had, up until even the relatively recent past,
been isolated from the rest of the world for various political
reasons. But when they opened themselves up to trade and
the exchange of information, they became booming
powerhouses of technological innovation. That doesn't
mean they never contributed technological innovations in
the distant past, as you'll soon learn.

ASIAN TECH
Japan's Technological Developments
Do you use an MP3 player? If you do, then perhaps at one point, not all that long ago,
you also used a CD Player, which unsurprisingly used a CD to store and play music.
The world's first CD player was released by Sony, a Japanese company known for
producing lots of technology. CDs themselves were also invented, in part, by Sony as
well. Perhaps you also sing along to your favorite songs as you listen to them. You can
thank Japanese companies and culture for developing much of the technology used
in Karaoke.
Ok, let's just say you're not into music all that much. Do you like math? Perhaps you
carry around a pocket calculator in your, well, pocket. The first portable calculators
were invented in Japan. Math has never been so popular nor portable ever since! Hey,
it's better than using a calculator the size of your house, isn't it?
Fine. Music and math may not be your thing. Maybe you're more into cooking. Thanks to
the electric rice cooker, a Japanese invention, you now have a helping hand in the
kitchen while you make other stuff. Speaking of a helping hand, Japan is considered to
be one of the world's leaders, if not the leader, in developing robots. Some of these
robots have a very humanoid feel to them. They can speak, blink, and even have facial
expressions. In the not so distant future they may be cooking the rice in the kitchen for
you, while you do other stuff, and carry on a conversation with one another.
China's Technological Contributions
Japan's neighbor to the west, China, has a
very long history of technological
developments and contributions as well.
One of their most important contributions
was paper. Yep, the stuff you write on
was actually developed in China around
105 AD. Not only that, but the Chinese
are also credited with inventing printing. 
The Middle East's Early Contributions
The Middle East is an area of the world that includes many countries, such
as Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. Throughout its history,
these people have either invented or contributed to the development of
important technologies that have impacted the fields of astronomy,
medicine, and much more.
For example, one of the world's most famous polymaths, someone who
was really great at many different subject areas, was Taqi ad-Din
Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi. He was born in Damascus,
now located in Syria, in 1526. His knowledge and observations contributed
much to the field of astronomy, including how to find the coordinates of
stars, how steam can be used to rotate a rudimentary steam turbine, and
important properties related to vision, such as reflection and refraction.
Let's go over some other technological developments that arose in the
Middle East or thanks to people who were born there.

MIDDLE EAST
Gas Lasers & CSI
Ali Javan is an Iranian-born physicist who was the co-
inventor of the gas laser. Here, an electric current moves
through a gas in order to produce a light. One such type of
laser is known as the carbon dioxide laser. This gas laser is
used in everything from industrial cutting and welding to
laser surgery.
Iranian-born medical engineer Tofy Mussivand has invented
a device that is able to extract and analyze DNA from just a
single skin cell. How could this be important? Well, for one,
it could greatly enhance a crime scene investigator's ability
to identify a possible suspect in a murder-case, where all
they may have to go on is a single skin cell!
Ali Javan is an Iranian-born physicist who was the co-
inventor of the gas laser. Here, an electric current moves
through a gas in order to produce a light. One such type of
laser is known as the carbon dioxide laser. This gas laser is
used in everything from industrial cutting and welding to
laser surgery.
Iranian-born medical engineer Tofy Mussivand has invented
a device that is able to extract and analyze DNA from just a
single skin cell. How could this be important? Well, for one,
it could greatly enhance a crime scene investigator's ability
to identify a possible suspect in a murder-case, where all
they may have to go on is a single skin cell!

AFRICA
CALABRIA, JOEBETH A.

SORRY I’M LATE SIR!