ARIEL JAY COMBINDO S1K

Great contributions of
Copernicus to
ScienceTechnology
Society
About Copernicus
Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was instrumental in
establishing the concept of a heliocentric solar system, in
which the sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the solar
system.

Who Was Copernicus?

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Torun,

Poland. Circa 1508, Copernicus developed his own celestial
model of a heliocentric planetary system. Around 1514, he
shared his findings in the Commentariolus. His second book
on the topic, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, was
banned by the Roman Catholic Church decades after his May
24, 1543 death in Frombork
Contributions

 Heliocentric model of the universe

 The most recognized and revolutionary contribution of Nicholas Copernicus is undoubtedly

the theory of heliocentrism. Up to this point, Ptolemy's model had been followed, which
proposed that the earth was the center of the universe ( Geocentrism ).

 Copernicus proposed a model of a spherical universe, in which both the Earth and the
planets and stars revolved around the Sun. This contribution of Copernicus to science is
perhaps the most revolutionary in the history of mankind, A paradigm shift for the sciences.

 And it is that from that moment, the science began to be based on observations and
mathematical measurements, and is not beliefs and simple theoretical affirmations.
Changing theory of gravity

 The fact that the center of the universe was the earth implied that the center of gravity of
the universe was the earth; And this could be corroborated with the physical phenomena
that occurred here.

 If the center of gravity is no longer the earth, why then do things within the earth fall to
its center? Copernicus's response to this was one of his great contributions to the world of
science:

 All matter has gravity, and the heavy matter will attract and be attracted by similarly
heavy matter, just as the smaller matter will be attracted to the larger matter.
Relationship between philosophy and
natural sciences
 Nicholas Copernicus provided fundamental knowledge about the relationship
between mathematics and the natural world.

 Some historians of science seem to ignore the fundamental role of mathematics,

and it is often said that the philosophical and scientific thought of the sixteenth
century is based on heliocentrism as if it were not a natural consequence.

 However, it can not be ignored that heliocentrism, besides solving an

astronomical problem, was solved with a mathematical technique.
Theory Price Increase

 Copernicus became interested in monetary matters when King Sigismund I of

Poland asked him to make a proposal to reform the currency of his community.

 Copernicus's analysis showed that it is impossible to have two types of currency

in one government, one more valuable to foreign trade, and another less valuable
to local transactions (as Sigismund suggested).

 He then formulated the"quantity theory of money"which stipulates that prices

vary proportionately with the supply of money in society. He explained this
before the term"inflation"was invented
Gregorian Calendar

 Copernicus helped in the revision of the Julian calendar, which was the official
calendar since the fourth century. Pope Leo X asked the astronomer to participate
in the reform that took place between 1513 and 1516.

 Nicholas Copernicus was based on his heliocentric model of the universe to solve
the problems presented by the previous calendar, but it was not until the year 1582
that all the changes came into effect in the Gregorian calendar. It is in this way
that Copernicus contributed to establishing the precision of the time that passes on
Earth.
Amount of water on Earth

 The astronomer proposed that the amount of water has to be less than the land. At
that time it was believed that there was ten times more water than land.

 It was then explained that the earth's rotation (as a disk) was due to the fact that
the center of gravity and center of magnitude did not coincide and were two
forces that sought balance and this generated movement.

 This also used to explain why there are mountains and valleys, cavities and
protuberances on the surface of the Earth.
 Contribution
of Asian Tech to Science Technology
and Society
Asian Techno development

 Japan, China, and India are some of the most important countries when it comes
to technological developments and contributions to the world. Interestingly
enough, many Asian nations had, up until even the relatively recent past, been
isolated from the rest of the world for various political reasons. But when they
opened themselves up to trade and the exchange of information, they became
booming powerhouses of technological innovation. That doesn't mean they never
contributed technological innovations in the distant past, as you'll soon learn.
Asian japan techno contributions

 Do you use an MP3 player? If you do, then perhaps at one point, not all that long
ago, you also used a CD Player, which unsurprisingly used a CD to store and play
music. The world's first CD player was released by Sony, a Japanese company
known for producing lots of technology. CDs themselves were also invented, in
part, by Sony as well. Perhaps you also sing along to your favorite songs as you
listen to them. You can thank Japanese companies and culture for developing
much of the technology used in Karaoke.

 Ok, let's just say you're not into music all that much. Do you like math? Perhaps
you carry around a pocket calculator in your, well, pocket. The first portable
calculators were invented in Japan. Math has never been so popular nor portable
ever since! Hey, it's better than using a calculator the size of your house, isn't it?
Asian China techno contributions

 Japan's neighbor to the west, China, has a very long history of technological
developments and contributions as well. One of their most important contributions
was paper. Yep, the stuff you write on was actually developed in China around
105 AD. Not only that, but the Chinese are also credited with inventing printing.
The two kind of go hand in hand, don't they?

 China is also credited by many for inventing the compass, which helps us
navigate around the world. Around 1000 AD, the Chinese invented gunpowder.
While the Chinese, at first, used gunpowder for firecrackers, once the Europeans
got their hand on this technology,they used it instead of fire
Asia tech in India

 Over the recent past, Science and Technology has made tremendous contribution towards the
settlement of industries in India.

 Starting from the micro level to the macro level, research and development in the field of technology
has created an ideal niche for the overall growth of the economic condition of the country. The
perceptible examples are the development of Atomic Energy, Space Science, dozens of successful
satellite systems, advanced medical technologies, etc.

 After the independence, it was not possible for India to depend on other countries for various aspects
of development; therefore, the development of indigenous technology was indispensable for the
overall development of a country.

 Thankfully, today, Indian technologies and companies are as competent as in other developed
countries. India is also a lead in various fields, and is a tough competitor for other countries.
Charles Darwin Contributions to STS
About Charles Darwin

 Charles Darwin is often cited as the greatest biologist in history. His most famous
work, On the Origin of Species, explains the theory of evolution by natural
selection, providing numerous supporting examples. Darwin believed that all of
life on earth had descended from a common ancestor, whose offspring could vary
slightly from the previous generation. Successive generations of life took part in a
struggle for existence in which the best adapted variations survived to seed new
generations. Less well adapted variations became extinct.
Contributions to STS

 What was Darwin's greatest contribution to science, and how did he develop it?
Theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin observed and collected
specimens from all over the world and compared their similarities and differences.
Discuss Lamarck's contribution to the overall theory of Evolution

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise
and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that
increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Seculiar View of life
 Darwin founded a new branch of life science, evolutionary biology. Four of his
contributions to evolutionary biology are especially important, as they held
considerable sway beyond that discipline. The first is the nonconstancy of species,
or the modern conception of evolution itself. The second is the notion of
branching evolution, implying the common descent of all species of living things
on earth from a single unique origin. Up until 1859, all evolutionary proposals,
such as that of naturalist Jean- Baptiste Lamarck, instead endorsed linear
evolution, a teleological march toward greater perfection that had been in vogue
since Aristotle’s concept of Scala Naturae, the chain of being. Darwin further
noted that evolution must be gradual, with no major breaks or discontinuities.
Finally, he reasoned that the mechanism of evolution was natural selection.
New Biological Philosophy

 A most important principle of the new biological philosophy, undiscovered for

almost a century after the publication of On the Origin of Species, is the dual
nature of biological processes. These activities are governed both by the universal
laws of physics and chemistry and by a genetic program, itself the result of natural
selection, which has molded the genotype for millions of generations. The causal
factor of the possession of a genetic program is unique to living organisms, and it
is totally absent in the inanimate world. Because of the backward state of
molecular and genetic knowledge in his time, Darwin was unaware of this vital
factor.
Darwin thoughts

 As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and
as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows
that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under
the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance
of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of
inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form
Sigmund Freud Contributions to STS
Freud thoughts

 Through the development of a novel observational method, Sigmund Freud made

possible the collection of reliable data about man's inner life. The scientific
hypotheses he formulated about these formed the initial version of
psychoanalysis. Many of these first thoughts have had to be revised in the light of
subsequent scientific findings about the operations of the central nervous system,
but even these refuted propositions often had much heuristic value. Despite the
passage of a whole century, many Freudian hypotheses have retained their
scientific standing. Most important among these was Freud's realization that
human thought is usually unconscious. His understanding of the role of the
automatic repetition of basic patterns of behavior, of the fateful consequences of
early childhood emotional vicissitudes in structuring enduring mental
dispositions, and of the distinction between two distinct modes of thinking are the
most significant among his many contributions.
Psychological thoughts

 Even though many of Freud's psychological theories have been discredited, Freud
played an integral and massively important role in the development, progression
and fame of psychology. Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is a branch
of psychology that focuses mostly on the concept that many of our deep
psychological issues lie buried beneath accessibility, in our subconscious. Any
trauma, mental illness, hang-ups or issues that one has are contained within the
subconscious mind, and can be accessed only through intensive psychotherapy
with a trained psychologist. Freud believed that in order to understand yourself,
you had to dig deep and bring those issues to the surface in order to analyze them
Freud’s views

 Freud’s views on technology and human well-being, with a focus on ‘Civilization

and Its Discontents’. In spite of his thesis in ‘Civilization and Its Discontents’, I
shall argue that Freud, always in some measure under the influence of Comtean
progressivism, was consistently a meliorist: He was always at least guardedly
optimistic about the realizable prospect of utopia, under the ‘soft dictatorship’ of
reason and guided by advances in science and technology, in spite of due
recognition in his later years of the possibility of annihilation through
technological advances in warfare. The possibility of human annihilation, then,
muffled Freud’s meliorism
Freud predictions

 Sigmund Freud was born in 1856, before the advent of telephones, radios,
automobiles, airplanes, and a host of other material and cultural changes that had
taken place by the time of his death in 1939. Freud saw the entirety of the first
World War–a war that destroyed the empire whose capital city was his home for
more than seventy years–and the beginning of the next. He began his career as an
ambitious but isolated neurologist; by the end of it, he described himself, not
inaccurately, as someone who had had as great an impact on humanity's
conception of itself as had Copernicus and Darwin
Middle East to Science
Technology and Society
The Middle East's Early Contributions

 The Middle East is an area of the world that includes many countries, such as Turkey, Israel,
Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. Throughout its history, these people have either invented or
contributed to the development of important technologies that have impacted the fields of
astronomy, medicine, and much more.

 For example, one of the world's most famous polymaths, someone who was really great at many
different subject areas, was Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi. He was born
in Damascus, now located in Syria, in 1526. His knowledge and observations contributed much
to the field of astronomy, including how to find the coordinates of stars, how steam can be used
to rotate a rudimentary steam turbine, and important properties related to vision, such as
reflection and refraction.

 Let's go over some other technological developments that arose in the Middle East or thanks to
people who were born the
Gas Lasers

 Ali Javan is an Iranian-born physicist who was the co-inventor of the gas laser.
Here, an electric current moves through a gas in order to produce a light. One
such type of laser is known as the carbon dioxide laser. This gas laser is used in
everything from industrial cutting and welding to laser surgery.

 Iranian-born medical engineer Tofy Mussivand has invented a device that is able
to extract and analyze DNA from just a single skin cell. How could this be
important? Well, for one, it could greatly enhance a crime scene investigator's
ability to identify a possible suspect in a murder-case, where all they may have to
go on is a single skin cell!
 Regional Security in the Middle East: Sectors, Variables and Issue
Science and technology enhance the capabilities of states and societies to obtain and
transform resources necessary for their development and advancement. On the other hand,
lack of scientific knowledge and access to technology not only affects a country’s level of
development but also jeopardises its national security. In an anarchic international system,
security interdependence implies that the security of a state is closely tied to the security of
the other states and especially its neighbours. Since national securities are interdependent,
the security or insecurity of a state may have a considerable impact not only on the security
of its immediate neighbours but also on the security of the whole region in which it is
geographically embedded (regional security).
State security

 Technology, as a factor affecting national security, is closely related to population

growth. The greater the population growth and the greater the pace of the
technological development of a country, the greater the likelihood its activities
and interests beyond its borders will expand. The greater the demographic growth
and the less rapid the technological development of a country, the greater the
likelihood it will face significant socio-economic problems and instability
Technology Growth

 As an engine of growth, the potential of technology is still largely untapped in the

Middle East where states not only lack adequate skilled labour and capital, but also
use these factors less efficiently. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to
investigate the impact of science and technology on national and regional security in
the Middle East. In doing so, the chapter is divided into six sections. The first section
discusses the relationship between technology and development, while the second
section explores the relevance of science and technology to security. Drawing on a
historical analysis, the third section examines the reasons science and technology have
not, so far, played an effective role in the development of Middle Eastern states and
societies. The next section identifies and discusses the instruments and patterns of
technological development in the contemporary Middle East. The last section of the
paper offers a sectoral analysis of the relationship between science and technology, on
the one hand, and security (national and regional) in the Middle East on the other.