PHONETICS AND

PHONOLOGY
FIRST MID-TERM

Adriana Vega
Miguel Domínguez
The boy who cried wolf
There was once a poor shepherd boy who watched his flocks in the fields next to a dark forest near
the foot of a mountain.
One hot afternoon, he thought up a good plan to get some company for himself and also have a little
fun. Raising his fist in the air, he ran down to the village shouting “Wolf, Wolf.” As soon as they
heard him, the villagers all rushed from their homes, full of concern for his safety, and two of them
stayed with him for a while. This gave the boy so much pleasure that a few days later he tried
exactly the same trick again, and once more he was successful. However, not long after, a wolf was
looking for a change in its usual diet of chicken and duck, so it actually did come out from the forest
and began to threaten the sheep. Racing down to the village, the boy of course cried out even louder
than before, but as all the villagers were convinced that he was trying to fool them a third time,
nobody bothered to come and help him. And so the wolf had a feast.
 The Boy Who Cried Wolf
Transcription: 
ðeə wz ˈwᴧns  ə ˈpɔ `ʃepəd ˏbɔɪ  hu ˈwɒʧd ɪz ˏflɒks   ɪn ðə ˈfildz  neks tu ə `dɑk `ˏfɒrɪst  nɪə ðə
ˈfʊt əv ə ˎmaʊntɪn.  ˈwᴧn ˈhɒt  ɑftə`ˏnun,  hi ˈθɔt ˈᴧp  ə ˈgʊd ˏplӕn  tə get sm `kᴧmpəni fr
ɪmˏself  ən ˈɔːlsəʊ ˈhӕv ə lɪtl ˎfᴧn.  `reɪzɪŋ ɪz `fɪst ɪn ði `ˏeə,  hi ˈrӕn ˈdaʊn  tə ðə `ˏvɪlɪʤ 
ʃaʊtɪŋ `wʊlf, `wʊlf ! ə `sun əz ðeɪ `hɜd ˏɪm  ðə ˈvɪlɪʤəz  ˈɔl ˈrᴧʃt frm ðeə `ˏhəʊmz  `fʊl əv
kn`ˏsɜn  fər ɪz `ˏseɪfti,  ən `tu əv ˏðm  ˈsteɪd `wɪð ɪm fər ə waɪl. ðɪs `geɪv ðə ˏbɔɪ. `səʊ mᴧʧ
`ˏpleʒə  ðət ə `fju deɪz `ˏleɪtə  hi traɪd ɪg`zӕkli ðə seɪm ˏtrɪk ə`gen, ən ˈwᴧns ˏmɔː  hi wz
sək`sesfl. haʊ`evə, ˈnɒt ˈlɒŋ ˏɑftə  ə ˈwʊlf  wəz ˈlʊkɪŋ fər ə `ʧeɪnʤ  ɪn ɪts juʒl ˏdaɪət  əv ʧɪkɪn
ən ˏdᴧk  səʊ ɪt ˈӕkʧli `dɪd kᴧm `aʊt | frm ðə `fɒrɪst | n bɪgӕn tə `θretn ðə ˎʃip. ˈreɪsɪŋ ˈdaʊn tə
ðə ˏvɪlɪʤ,  ðə `ˏbɔɪ  əv ˏkɔs ˈkraɪd `aʊt `ivn `ˏlaʊdə  ðən bɪ`fɔ, bət `ӕz `ɔl ðə `ˏvɪlɪʤəz. wə
kn`vɪnst ðət i wz `traɪɪŋ, tə `ful ðm ə `θɜd `ˏtaɪm, `nəʊbɒdi `ˏbɒðəd  tə ˈkᴧm ən `help ɪm. ən
ˈsəʊ  ðə `ˏwʊlf  hӕd ə `fist.
 THE PHONEME
It is one of the smallest units of speech that make one
word different from another word.

Shepherd
has three phonemes

[ ˈʃep.əd ]
 MINIMAL PAIRS
A minimal pair is two words that vary by
only a single sound

 VILLAGE [ ˈvɪlɪdʒ ]
VILLAGERS [ ˈvɪl.ɪ.dʒər ]
 RHOTICITY

It is used to refer to Rhotic: FOREST

 
a type of English, in which an /r/
is pronounced in
all situations where there is an
Non-rothic: BEFORE
"r" in spelling:
 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH

Varieties of language develop for a number of reasons: differences can come

about for geographical reasons; people who live in different geographic areas
often develop distinct dialects
For example, the word
HOWEVER
 STRESS WITHIN UTTERANCE:

It is the emphasis given to some words in order to increase its importance in

the phrase.

“There was ONCE a poor shepherd”

IT IS NORMALLY USED IN CHILD STORIES TO TRY AND TEACH A

LESSON TO THE KIDS
 HOMOPHONE
A homophone is a word that has the same sound as another
word but is spelled differently and has a different meaning:
FEAST (`fist)
FIST (fɪst)

HOMOGRAPH
A homograph is a word that has the same spelling as another
word but has a different sound and a different meaning
COMPANY [ ˈkʌmpəni ] associate with; keep company with.
COMPANY [ ˈkʌmpəni ] a commercial business.
 WEAK FORMS
A weak form is a word that in the
context of a sentence, sounds
“weaker” or without the
emphasis that it requires when
we pronounce it alone.
“Raising his fist in the air, he ran down to
the village”
ˈreɪzɪŋ ɪz fɪst ɪn ði eə, hi ræn daʊn tə ðə
ˈvɪlɪʤ
These are weak forms because they
do not emphasize, contrast or quote
in the sentence.