EARTHQUAKE

Group 2 12 STEM-B
Table of Content
Definition Seismic Waves
Body – P and S Wave

Surface – Love and Rayleigh Wave

Causes Effects of Earthquakes

Faults, Surface Cause, Ground Shaking, Ground Rupture, Landslides,

Volcanic Cause Tsunamis, Liquefication , Subsidence,

Types of Faults and Related Effects, Fires

Normal, Thrust, Reverse, Precautionary measures

Strike-slip

Seismographs
DEFINITION
An earthquake is a sudden movement of

geological materials underneath the

earth's surface that causes a weak to

intense shaking of the ground.

Tectonic plate boundaries are the source

of earthquakes. The focus is the place

inside the earth where the earthquake

began, also known as the hypocenter, and

the epicenter is the point on the earth's

surface directly above the focus.

What does an earthquake looks like?

For example, if you throw a stone into a

still pond, it creates a series of waves

on the water's surface that spread out

in all directions from the point where

the stone hits the water. Similarly, any

sudden dislocations in the earth's crust

will cause vibrations that propagate in

all directions from the point of

disturbance.
 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE

FAULTS SURFACE CAUSE VOLCANIC CAUSE

● ●
A fault is a split or crack in the Great explosions, landslides,
ground where two rock blocks slide past slips on steep coasts, dashing of sea
one another. If the movement is rapid, it waves, avalanches,
can result in an earthquake, or it can be railway trains, heavy trucks, some large
gradual, resulting in creep. Strike-slip engineering projects cause minor
faults, normal faults, reverse faults, and tremors.
thrust faults are just a few examples of
fault types.
●
A fault is a split or crack in the
ground where two rock blocks slide past
one another. If the movement is rapid, it
can result in an earthquake, or it can be
gradual, resulting in creep. Strike-slip faults,
normal faults, reverse faults, and thrust
faults are just a few examples of fault types.
 A normal fault appears to be that the suspended wall
moves downward relative to the foot wall. The dip angle
of the sliding surface is between 45 and 90 degrees.
Many normal faults in mountainous regions are caused
by gravity along the edges of the mountains and may
be associated with elevation of the head wall of the
slums.

TYPE S

OF

FAU LT S

A thrust fault is an dip angle of 45º or less to the

extent that the suspended wall appears to move
upward relative to the foot wall. Horizontal
compression or rotation shift is responsible for
displacement.
 A reverse fault, which the hanging
wall moves upward relative to the
foot wall.

TYPE S

OF

FAU LT S

A strike-slip fault is a generally vertical fault where

the two sides pass horizontally past each other. If
the block opposite an observer facing the fault
moves to the right, the shift style is called “right
lateral.. If the block moves to the left, the movement
is called “left lateral..
 HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES RECORDED?
Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make

Seismograms is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and

come in handy for locating a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to
shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging
earthquakes too, and being able to
weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging
see the P wave and the S wave is important.
from absorbs all the movement. The difference in
You learned how P & S waves each shake the
position between the shaking part of the
ground in different ways as they travel through it. P waves
seismograph and the
are also faster than S waves, and this fact is what allows us tomotionless
tell where part is what is
recorded.
an earthquake was.

H OW CAN S C I ENTI STS TE LL WH ER E TH E EARTH Q UAK E HAPPEN E D ?

 SEISMIC WAVES
-waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels

through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in

different ways. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves.

BODY WAVES SURFACE WAVES

Traveling through the interior
of the earth, body waves
arrive before the surface
waves emitted by an
earthquake. These waves are of
a higher frequency than surface
waves
Travels only through the crust,
are of a lower frequency than
body waves, and are easily
distinguished on a seismogram
as a result. Also, are almost
entirely responsible for the
damage and destruction
associated with earthquakes.
This damage and the strength
of the surface waves are
reduced in deeper
earthquakes.
 TYPES OF BODY WAVES AND SURFACE WAVES
P WAVES
The fastest kind of seismic wave,
and, consequently,
the first to 'arrive' at a
seismic station. It can move
through solid rock and fluids,
like water or the liquid layers
of the earth, pushes and pulls the
rock it moves through just like sound
waves push and pull the air.
S WAVES
The second wave you feel in
an earthquake. Slower than
a P wave and can only move
through solid rock, not
through any liquid medium. It
is this property of S waves
that led seismologists to
conclude that the
Earth's outer core is
a liquid. It move rock
particles up and down, or
side-to-side--perpendicular
to the direction that the wave
is traveling in (the direction
of wave propagation).
LOVE WAVES
Named after A.E.H.
Love, a British
mathematician who worked
out the mathematical model for
this kind of wave in 1911. It's
the fastest surface wave and
moves the ground from side-to-
side. Confined to the surface of
the crust, Love waves produce
entirely horizontal motion.
RAYLEIGH WAVES
Named for John William Strutt, Lord
Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted
the existence of this kind of wave in
1885. This wave rolls along the ground
just like a wave rolls across a lake or
an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the
ground up and down, and side-to-side
in the same direction that the wave is
moving. Most of the
shaking felt from an
earthquake is due to the Rayleigh
wave, which can be much
larger than the other waves.
 E FFE CTS O F EARTH QUAK E S

GROUND SHAKING
the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It
is a result of the passage of seismic
waves through the ground, and ranges
from quite gentle in small earthquakes to
incredibly violent in large earthquakes
LANDSLIDES
GROUND RUPTURE
caused by earthquakes both by direct
an important effect of earthquakes which
rupture and by sustained shaking of
occurs when the earthquake movement
unstable slopes. They can easily destroy
along a fault actually breaks the Earth's
buildings in their path, or block roads and
surface. While active ground rupture is railroad lines, or take hilltop homes with
comparatively rare
them as they tumble. They even can dam
rivers on occasion

TSUNAMIS
FIRES
a grave hazard to many parts of the world,
a major source of damage after
particularly around the Pacific Ocean
earthquakes. Ground rupture and
basin. Tsunamis are a series of water
liquefaction can easily rupture natural gas
waves caused when the seafloor moves
mains and water mains, both contributing
vertically in an earthquake and which can
to the ignition of fires and hindering the
travel vast distances in a short period of
efforts to control them
time.
PRECAUTI ONARY MEASURES FOR E
ARTH QUAK E
 Presented By:
Christian Patriarca Thea Apleta

Junel Dave Salapantan Riza Baluyot

John Clement Solin Angela Herrera

Tom Somodio Ara Jordas

Bryan Sudario Shane Lagunday

Kenn Sulleza Rheine Mesa (Leader)