Four wheel steering

mechanism
Prepared By : KARAN PATEL (171350102008)
Pavan Parikh (171350102004)
Sakib pathan (171350102011)
Nilesh suthar (171350102014)

Guided By : prof. Ashish Sharma

prof. Karan Shah
Abstract
• Production cars are designed to understeer and rarely do they oversteer. If a
car could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, th
e driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying operating conditio
ns. Four-wheel steering is a serious effort on the part of automotive design e
ngineers to provide near-neutral steering. Also in situations like low speed co
rnering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tigh
t spaces, driving would be very difficult due to vehicle’s larger wheelbase and
track width. Hence there is a requirement of a mechanism which result in les
s turning radius and it can be achieved by implementing four wheel steering
mechanism instead of regular two wheel steering. The main aim of this proje
ct is to turn the rear wheels out of phase to the front wheels.
Content

1)INTRODUCTION

2)PROBLEM DEFINITION
3)LITERATURE REVIEW
4)OBJECTIVE
5)REFERENCES
Introduction
Four wheel steering is a method developed in automobile industry for the effective turning
of the vehicle and to increase the maneuverability.

 In four wheel steering the rear wheels turn with the front wheels thus increasing the
efficiency of the vehicle.

 The direction of steering the rear wheels relative to the front wheels depends on the
operating conditions. At low speed wheel movement is pronounced, so that rear wheels are
steered in the opposite direction to that of front wheels. At high speed, when steering
adjustments are subtle, the front wheels and the rear wheels turn in the same direction.

By changing the direction of the rear wheels there is reduction in turning radius of the
vehicle which is efficient in parking, low speed cornering and high speed lane change.
Problem Definition
 Nowadays all vehicles uses two wheel steering system, but the efficiency of the two wheel
steering (2WS) vehicle is proven that it is still low compared to the four wheel steering (4WS)
system car. So, this project is base on how to prove that the 4WS is better than 2WS in terms of
turning radius.

 A vehicle with higher turning radius face difficulty in parking and low speed cornering due to its
higher wheelbase and track width, but the passenger prefer the vehicle to be higher wheelbase
and track width as it gives good comfort while travelling. In this scenario four wheel steering will
be effective as the turning radius will be decreased for the same vehicle of higher wheelbase. In
this project a benchmark vehicle is considered and four wheel steering is implemented without
change in dimension of the vehicle and reduction in turning radius is achieved.

 For achieving reduction a mechanism is built which turns the rear wheels opposite to the front
wheels.
 Literature Review
Sr.no AUTHOR TITLE WORK CONCLUSION

1 Sheak Abdulla J, Design & Simulation The requirement of more Since only links
Hariprasath R, Of Links Based Four turning radius is the main were used the
Prabhakaran M, Wheel Steering problem in two wheel design,
Ramasubbu N System [2019] IJICS steering system and also it manufacture
VOLUME-6, ISSUE-7, has less efficiency. To assembly becomes
ISSN: 0972-1347 overcome these problems easier. Thus it
we can use four wheel reduces the turning
steering system. circle radius of the
vehicle and gives
better control.
 Literature Review
Sr.no AUTHOR TITLE WORK CONCLUSION

2 Arunkumar S M, 360° Wheel Rotation A 360 degree rotating vehicle After manufacture
Chandan Kumar Vehicle [2017] to overcome the problem of of 360 degree
Sahu, Yubaraj G IJLERA, ISSN: 2455- parking space. This project is wheel rotation
M,jahangeer A B 7137, VOLUME-2, about design of 360 degree vehicle consumed
ISSUE-5, PP-75-81. rotating car to move in all very less space to
assertion. This design turn from one
provides better comfort and direction to another
also saves the time of direction and it
customers. consumes very less
time to turn.
 Literature Review
Sr.no AUTHOR TITLE WORK CONCLUSION

3 Ruban, kumar, Design & Simulation The condition for perfect Four wheel steering
Shanmugavelan, Of Four Wheel steering is “While taking a system is relatively
Srinath and Steering System For turn, the condition of perfect a new technology,
Ramesh LMV [2017] IJETCSE, rolling motion will be that improves
ISSN : 0976-1353, satisfied if all the four-wheel steering response in
Volume 24, Issue 11 axes when projected at one vehicles. In four
point called the wheel steering
instantaneous centre, and system the rear
when the following equation wheel can turn left
is satisfied: Cotφ – Cotθ = C/B”. & right. Thus four
wheel steering keep
the driving controls
as simple as
possible.
Literature Review
Sr.no AUTHOR TITLE WORK CONCLUSION

4 Kumar and Zero Turn Four “At low speed, the rear This paper focused
Wheel Steering wheels turn in the direction on a steering
Kamble System [2014] IJSER, mechanism which
opposite to the front offers feasible
Volume 5, Issue 12, wheels”. This mode
ISSN 2229-5518 solutions to a
particularly useful in case of number of current
pick-up trucks and buses. It maneuvering
can reduce the turning circle limitations. The
radius by 25%. prototype for the
proposed approach
was developed by
introducing separate
mechanism for
normal steering
purpose & 360°
steering purpose.
Literature Review
Sr.no AUTHOR TITLE WORK CONCLUSION

5 Lohith, Shankapal Development Of In four wheel steering less By experiment the

and Gowda Four Wheel Steering driver input is needed than reduction in turning
System For Car that of two wheel steering. radius with four
[2013] Volume 12, Also, four wheel steering is wheel steering
Issue 1, SAS Tech found more effective when when compared to
journal compared to two wheel two wheel steering
steering system. is 50.43%.
PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM
Project Development Stages

Finalizing Mechanisms
Project Design
Parts Procurement
Parts Fabrication
Project Assembly
Testing
Finalizing Mechanisms

• Step 1: Make a list of required hardware outputs

• Step 2: Examine the mechanism architecture
• Step 3: Select the architecture
• Step 4: Identify Motion Needs
• Step 5: Start searching for mechanisms & Parts
• Step 6: Examine Costs and Power Constraints. ...
• Step 7: Check part availability
• Step 8: Calculate Sizes
• Step 9: Fabricate parts
 
 Project Design

• Mechanical Design or Machine Design is one

of the important branches of Engineering De
sign. To understand what exactly machine de
sign or mechanical design is let us consider t
he example of the gear box of the car. The ge
ar box transmits the motion and the power o
f the engine to the wheels of the vehicle. The
gearbox comprises group of gears which are
subjected to not only motion but also the loa
d of the vehicle. For the gears to run at desir
ed speeds and take desired loads it is import
ant that they should be designed.
Parts Procurement
• Once the design is complete parts are to be procured so that p
roject development may proceed
Parts Fabrication

• It is a value added process that involves the creation of machines, parts, and structures from v
arious raw materials. A fabrication shop will bid on a job, usually based on the engineering dra
wings, and if awarded the contract will build the product.
Fabrication Processes:
• Turning
• Boring
• Threading
• Cutting
• Welding
• Drilling
• Metal Cutting
• Threading
Project Assembly

• Mechanical assembly is a common term in the industrial and manufacturing contex

t. It is the process used in the line of assembly production. As products are moved t
hrough the chain, parts are added at certain points of the line.
Testing

• Mechanical testing includes testing each part of the machine/r

obot individually followed by the complete testing after which
the project is ready to be used.
Parts/Components Used

 DC motor
 Couplings
 Rods
 Joints
 Mounts
 Base Frame
 Screws & Bolts
 Board
Motors

 A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy into mecha
nical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motor
s have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of c
urrent flow in part of the motor.

 DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting powe
r distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply volta
ge or by changing the strength of current in its field windings.
Shafts / Axle

• An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them,
or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle.[1] In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mou
nting points where the axle is supported. In the latter case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the w
heel or gear to rotate around the axle. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type axle is referred to as a spindle.
• Types of shafts:
1. Automobile shafts
2. Cam shafts
3. Rocker shafts
4. Push rod
5. Drum shafts
6. Pinion shafts
7. Industrial shafts
8. Feeder shafts
9. Helical shafts
10. Flexible shafts
11. Block shafts
12. Piston shafts
13. Worm shafts
Coupling and spacers

• A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for t
he purpose of transmitting power. Couplings do not normally allow disconne
ction of shafts during operation, however there are torque limiting couplings 
which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded.
• Spacer is a metal cylindrical part with threading on its both end used to give
spacing between two parallel parts.
Objective

To develop a mechanism which is helpful in industries for carrying load & to take from one
location to another easily through narrow space.

To develop a mechanism through which the turning radius of wheel get low compare to two
wheel steering system & also help in parallel parking.
References
•Lohith, Shankpal, Dr. S.R., Gowda, M.H. monish, (2013) “Development of four wheel steering
system for car” Volume 12, Issue 1, SAS Tech journal.

•Kumar, Abhisekh, Arun, Chaudhary, Rajiv, R.C. (2014) “India study of four wheel steering system to
reduce turning radius and increase stability”(ICARI-2014)

•Bhishikar, Saket, Vatsal, Dalal, Neel, Mehta, A.C. (2014) “Design simulation of four wheel steering
system” IJEIT Volume 3 Issue 12.

•Ruban, Kumar, V. Satish, R. Srinath, Ramesh (2017) “Design and simulation of four wheel steering
system for LMV, (IJETCSE), ISSN : 0976-1353, Volume 24, Issue 11
References
•Kumar, Amitesh, Kamble, Dr. Dinesh. N., (2014) “Zero Turn Four Wheel Steering System”
IJSER, Volume 5, Issue 12, ISSN 2229-5518

•Saxena, Sachin, Kumar, Vinay, Luthra, Sarabjeet Singh,Kumar, Alok (2014), “4 WHEEL
STEERING SYSTEMS (4WAS)” ISSN 2278 – 0149, Special Issue, Vol. 1, No. 1.

•Patel, Ketul B., Patel, Nirmal M., Patel, Akshay S., Patel, Ujas R., Patel, Diptesh (2016), “Design
and Development of Active Four Wheel Steering System” IJIRSET, ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710.

•Aman Doraya, Mohit Singh Panesir, Bhavya Bhardwaj and Aditya Bochare (2015), “4-WHEEL
STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCH”, IJMET, Volume 6,Issue 11, pp. 176-182,
Article ID: IJMET_06_11_020, ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359.
THANKS ！