DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FOUE

WHEEL STEERING SYSTEMS TO

REDUCE TURNING RADIUS AND
INCREASE STABILITY

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 Content
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Present Theory & Practices
• Need
• Problem Statement
• Aim & Objectives
• Literature Review
• Project Methodology
• Design
• Component used
• Expected Outcomes
• Time Sheet
• References
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 Abstract

The issue of increased roadway mobility has made car treatment more difficult these days. As a
result, an alternative method for easy steering (turning) of the vehicles is required. When a
vehicle is in a congested or limited region, a better turning response is desired, or we may wish
the car to drive with less movement. Mild steel and laser cutting are used to create this four-
wheel steering. This project employs a linkage mechanism, in which the front and back wheels
are linked to each other via a link so that both the front and back wheels turn at the same time.
These links are linked to the motor.
These linkages are linked to the engine, which turns the wheels. One of the many benefits of a
four-wheel steering system is that it allows the vehicle to be more precisely controlled,
especially when cornering, parking, or traveling in tight spaces.

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 Introduction
Vehicle has become less of a status symbol and more of a necessity due to insufficient public travel
infrastructure. Due to the exponential rise in cars on the road, the parking system has totally collapsed leading to the
need of space saving ideas. Years ago, power steering was introduced to ease the steering power requirement. In power
steering, by means of a pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical system the front wheel steering is easier. Power steering
reduces the efforts required to steer the vehicle. But the turning circle radius of the vehicle doesn’t reduce. Many or all
vehicles are steered by turning the front wheels in desired direction, while rear wheels following there are several
problems of parking at public places, parking at home, parking at multiplexes and traffic jams etc. So, to overcome this
problem, the main aim is to develop the system having minimum turning radius or required minimum turning space.
Zero turn vehicles mean the vehicle rotating about an axis passing through Centre of gravity of the vehicle.
Vehicles do not require extra space to turn, so the vehicle turns in the space equal to the longest length of the vehicle
itself. Longest length acts as a diameter for zero turn of vehicle. Turning radius of conventional steering is large in
normal vehicles. But in a zero turn vehicle the outer turning radius of the vehicle is reduced. Zero turn vehicle is the
name itself giving the meaning that a vehicle takes a sharp turn with zero turning radius and follows an exact circular
path without leaving its vertical axis passing through the centre. The zero-radius wheel steering arrangement is best
suitable when there is very less space in between the two parked vehicles of the order of nearly equal to the size of the
vehicle and we required to park the vehicle then using zero radius wheel steering we can do the task in the available
space suitably.

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 Present Theory & Practices
• 2WS- The present day popular 2WS (2 wheel steering). Also called as Ackerman
Steering. It can be either FWD or RWD (Front or Rear Wheel Drive).

• 4WS- Also called All wheel steering. Popularly used for Sport Utility Vehicles
(SUV). It improves handling, makes tighter turns and is more efficient than 2WS.

• Crab steering- special type of active 4WS. It steers all wheels in same directions
and at same angle.

• Zero Radius Turn steering- It takes a sharp turn about vertical axis passing
through its Centre of gravity.

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 Need

Less turn radius of vehicles will facilitate ease of parking and

maneuvering in congested areas.
This zero radius turning mechanism will save time while parking the
vehicle in compact parking spaces.
Since, the low gear speed time will be reduced considerably, due to
zero radius, this system in turn will save lots of fuel consumption.
Efficiency of 2 wheel steering system is low compared to 4 wheel
steering system.

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 Problem Statement

Increasing number of vehicle has led to increase in traffic density on

road and parking spaces.
This has led to reduced space for turning of vehicles, especially during
parking in compact spaces and parallel parking.
with ever pushing traffic behind, it becomes cumbersome to manage
conventional reverse and forward angular mechanism of parking.
Time and Fuel wastage occurs.

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 Aim & Objectives
Aim
The aim of the project is to reduce the turn radius of conventional vehicles
in order to ease parking space problems.

Objective
• To understand the working of current parking systems at different places.
• To identify the problems encountered in the current parking system and
discuss solutions to mitigate the same.
• Design a plan to achieve the result using solutions elaborated.
• Represent the solution using a working model prototype employing
hardware and software tools.

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 Literature Review
SR NO TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
1) “Parking Search Behaviour: John Polak and Kay The choice of parking type and location is a
A Review of Current Axhausen et.al commonplace decision problem tackled daily by many
Research and Future drivers1. Until recently, however, the question of how
Prospects” drivers actually go about making these decisions had
not attracted a significant research effort. Insofar as
these decisions were represented at all in modelling and
evaluation techniques, this was done by means of
simple extensions to existing mode choice or traffic
assignment procedures (Polak and Axhausen, 1989).
Recent research carried out in West Germany
(Axhausen, 1989a, b; Lorenz, 1990) and in the U.K.
Layzell, 1985; Jones.
2) “Fabrication of parallel car k.r.prabhu, s. Gokulraj, In this article it presents methods of parking, the time
parking Using 5th wheel” Jeeva, m. Leon richardson, taken is 2 minutes (approx), the driver needs to be more
r. Manikandan et.al alert while parking in order to avoid hitting of the car
during the reverse motion. Therefore, to avoid these
inconveniences, a concept of parallel parking is made,
where the total time will be 50 to 60 seconds. This
parking can be done using an additional wheel (FIFTH
WHEEL).

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SR NO TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
3) “An Improved Approach for Wenyi Zhou, University of ” In this literature it represented in 2014, there are more
Automatic Parallel Parking Windsor et.al than 500,000 parking lot collisions, which is a 4%
in Narrow Parking Spaces” increase compare to 2010. Many cars are being
produced every day, so that the parking spots are
designed to be smaller, in the meantime, the size of cars
has outgrown the size of parking space since the
automakers have been making larger vehicles to favour
customers' demands for larger interior spaces.

4) “Shared parking problem: A Haohan Xiao, Meng Xu,
novel truthful double auction Ziyou Gao et.al
mechanism approach”
In this article it presents parking platform with multiple
slot demanders and multiple slot suppliers, this paper
addresses two truthful double auction mechanisms for
shared parking problem, where the demanders targeted
by the proposed mechanisms are with flexible schedules
and for non-work activities, and the suppliers are with the
typical daily ‘driving go out early and come back at dusk’
pattern.

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Project Methodology

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DESIGN

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 Expected Outcomes

The metal structure will help employ all the components at the right
place and provide solidity in maintaining the structure.
The steering system will act separately against the wheel system, in
order to achieve less radius turn movement of the vehicle.
The diameter of the vehicle rotation should be equal to the total length
of the vehicle itself.
The time taken to park the vehicles using less Radius Turn mechanism
should be less than normal steering mechanism.

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Component used

WHEEL WIPER MOTOR

. LINKAGE MECHANISM

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Sr.
Activity/month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April
No

1 Search of topic

Selection of topic and research

Time Sheet
2
papers

3 Finalizing of project

4 Review-1 presentation

5 Review-2 presentation

6 Design calculation

Review-3 presentation
7

8 Material procurement

9 Fabrication of final model

10 Report writing

11 Participation in project compition

Review-4 presentation
12

13 Paper Publication / presentation

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 References
[1] John Polak and Kay Axhausen et.al “Parking Search Behaviour: A Review of Current Research and Future
Prospects”
[2] k.r.prabhu, s. Gokulraj, Jeeva, m. Leon richardson, r. Manikandan et.al “Fabrication of parallel car parking
Using 5th wheel”
[3] Wenyi Zhou, University of Windsor et.al “An Improved Approach for Automatic Parallel Parking in Narrow
Parking Spaces”
[4] Haohan Xiao, Meng Xu, Ziyou Gao et.al “Shared parking problem: A novel truthful double auction mechanism
approach”
[5] Melkior Ornik , Miad Moarref, Mireille E. Broucke et.al “An Automated Parallel Parking Strategy Using Reach
Control Theory”
[6] Shrikant Jogi, Prashant Patil, Akash Jagdale, prof. S.S. Shirsath et.al “Fifth Wheel Car Parking Mechanism”
[7] Sumeet Shah, Nikhil Wadgane and Chaitanya Patil et.al “Design and Fabrication of Zero Turn Vehicle”
[8] Sumeet Rajendra Shelke, Saurav Vijay Patil et.al “Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Zero Turn Mode”
[9] Vivek Singh Rai, Deepti Kushwaha et.al “ZERO-TURNING STEERING SYSTEM”

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