Polar solutes dissolves polar solvents

Describe the appearance of the resulting material. What can be

observed? Explain.
Questions to be answered:

• a. Describe the sugar before it was mixed with water.

• b. What happens to sugar when it is placed in water?
• c. Knowing the characteristic (polarity) of water in previous lessons, why
does water dissolve sugar?
• d. Describe what happens when water dissolves sugar.
Is it possible to picture out or draw what happens when sugar is mixed with
water?
The Process of Solution Formation

•Questions to be answered :

•a. Describe the sugar before it was mixed with water.

•b. What happens to sugar when it is placed in water?
•c. Knowing the characteristic (polarity) of water in previous lessons, why does
water dissolve sugar?
•d. Describe what happens when water dissolves sugar.
Slide 1 :Sucrose

• The ball-and-stick, and first space-filling model show that sucrose is a large
molecule made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
• Sucrose has many O–H bonds which are polar.
• These polar areas are shown with a + near the hydrogen atom, and a − near
the oxygen atom.
• The second space-filling model shows two sucrose molecules held together by
their opposite polar areas.
• These molecules will separate from each other when sucrose dissolves.
 Water molecules arrange
themselves around sucrose
Slide 2: Water molecules according to opposite
Dissolves polar areas.

Sucrose • The attraction of water molecules

and their motion overcome the
attraction among sucrose molecules.

• Sucrose molecules dissolve as they

are separated from other molecules
and mix into the water.
Expected answers:
a. Sugar particles were crystalline solids before they were added to water.
b. When sugar is placed in water, the sugar is lost, implying it was dissolved.
c. Water dissolves sugar because both are polar molecules. This means that
both have areas of positive and negative charges. The areas of slight
positive and negative charges in water are attracted to the negative and
positive areas in sugar molecules. When the attractions between water
and individual sugar molecules overcome the attraction that sugar
molecules have for other sugar molecules, or water with water molecules,
then sugar dissolves
d. The areas of positive and negative charge on a water molecule are
attracted to opposite areas of negative and positive charge in a sugar
molecule. As water molecules associate with sugar,
A 120g aqueous acid solution is labeled to contain 15% HCl by
mass. How many grams of pure HCl are contained in the solution?
Percentage by Volume
• 1. An acid solution is prepared by mixing 500cm3 of water and 100cm3
of pure sulfuric acid. Determine the percentage composition of the
solution?
2.
A solution used to clean grease stains in fabrics and leather consists
of 60 cm3 carbon tetrachloride, 5cm3 amyl alcohol, 20 cm3 ligroin. If no
volume occurs during the mixing of these components, find the
percentage composition by volume of the cleaning solution.
Mole Fraction
• Determining the ratio of the number of moles of solute or solvent and
the total number of moles of the solution.

mole fraction solute = mole of solute

total moles solution

mole fraction solvent= mole solvent

total mole solution
Sample Problems
1. A gas solution contains 5 moles hydrogen (H2) and 10 moles oxygen (O2).
What are the mole fractions of hydrogen and oxygen in the solution formed?
a. mole fraction H2 = mole H2
mole H2 + mole O2
= 5/15
= 0.33
b. mole fraction O2 =mole O2
mole H2 + mole O2
= 10/15
= 0.67
2. What is the mole fraction of NaCl and H2O in a solution prepared by
mixing 232 g NaCl and 180 g water?

3. A solution contains 8 moles of solute and 12 moles solvent. Compute

for the mole fractions of the solute and solvent.

4. A solution is prepared by mixing 310 g carbonic acid (H2CO3), and

144 g water (H2O). Find the mole fractions of the two components.
Moles NaCl = 232 g/58g/mol=3 mol

Moles H2O= 180g/18g/mol=10 mol

Mole fraction NaCl= 4 mol/ 4+10=0.29

Mole fraction H2O= 10 mol/4+10=0.71
• How many moles of calcium carbonate are contained in 18 L 0f 0.25
M solution?
• Wat is the molarity of a 20 liter solution containing 4 moles of pure
nitric acid (HNO3)
• Calculate the molarity of a 12 liter solution containing 318 grams of
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
MOLALITY
• Defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The
unit of molality is mole/kg.
molality= number of moles of solute
kilogram of solvent
= mole solute
kg solvent
Since the number of moles of the solute is equal to the mass of the
solute divided but its molar mass, the above equation will become:
Since the number of moles of the solute is equal to the mass of the solute divided
but its molar mass, the above equation will become:

molality = mass solute /molar mass of solute

kg solvent
1. Find the molal concentration (molality) of a solution containing 8
moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 32 kg of water.
Given: mole of solute=8 moles
kg solvent= 32 kg
Required: molality, m
Computation:
m= mole/ kg solvent
= 8/32 kg
= 0.25 mol/kg
• 2. An acid solution contains 20 kg of water and pure hydrochloric acid
(HCl). Its concentration is 0.75 mol/kg of solvent. Compute for the
number of moles of solute contained in the solution.
3. Calculate the molality of the solution containing 64 g of methyl
alcohol (CH3OH) and 4 kg of water.

4. Calculate the molality of a solution of 20 moles of sodium nitrate

(NaNO3) and 5 kg of water.
• 5. Compute the number of moles of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in a 0.20
molal solution which also contains 8 kg of water.

• 6. What is the molality of the solution prepared by mixing 160 g

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 16 kg of water?