Sexually

transmitted
infection (STIs)
Definition of STI and STD

 Sexually transmitted infection (STI) are a group of communicable diseases that

are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact and caused by wide range of
bacterial, viral, fungal and ectoparasites.
 Sexually transmitted disease (STD) are infection transmitted from an infected
person to uninfected person through sexual contact. STD can be caused by
bacteria, viruses or parasites. Examples include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human
papilloma virus infection, HIV/AIDS, chlamydia and syphilis.
Types of STI

The most common type of STIs are Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia and HIV/AIDS.

Bacterial
 Vaginitis
 Chlamydia
 Gonorrhea
 Syphilis
 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
 Cont…

Viral
• Genital herpes
• Hunan papilloma virus (HPV) or warts
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Parasites / fungus
• Trichomonas
• Lice
• scabies
Sources of infection

Many STIs are spread through contact with infected body fluids such as blood,
vaginal fluids, or semen , saliva. They can also be spread through contact with
infected skin or mucous membranes, such as sores in the mouth. You can be exposed
to infected body fluids and skin through vaginal, anal or oral sex, sharing instruments
like needle, syringe, mother to child transmission during delivery through the contact
of vaginal secretions.
Risk factors of STIs

 AGE:- most noticeable 15 to 29 age group.

 SEX:- female are more suffer than male.
 MRITAL STATUS:-STIs higher frequency among single, divorced and separated person
than married couple.
 PRIOR INFECTION:- who choose not to use condom.
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS:- low economic status than compared to high.
 DEMOGRAPHIC:- rural area than urban.
 PROSTITUTION
 BROKEN HOME
 EXTRA MARITAL AFAIR
 ALCOHOLISM ETC…..
Most common STIs prevalent in Nepal

 Gonorrhea
 Syphilis
 Trichomoniasis
 Chlamydia trichomoniasis
 Herpes genitalis
 General warts
 Candidiasis/ bacterial vaginalis
 Chancroid
 HIV/AIDS
 Hepatitis B and C
 Granuloma inguinal
 Lymphogranuloma venereum
Gonorrhea
Incubation period of Gonorrhea

The incubation period is 2 to 14 days, with most

symptoms appearing between 4 and 6 days after
infection.
Signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea

IN FEMALE
 Lower abdomen pain or pain with intercourse
 Spotting after intercourse
 Burning or frequent urination
 Greenish, yellowish or white vaginal discharge
 Bleeding between period
 Redness and swelling of genitalia
 Burning or itching of the vaginal area.
IN MALE
 Urethritis associated with burning sensation with urination.
 Greenish, yellowish or white discharge from the penis.
 Painful or swollen testicles.
Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination and growth of bacteria (gram staining

and culture) from:
 A sample of discharge from the cervix or urethra.
 A specimen from the throat, rectum , eye or joints.
 Newer molecular test as PCR(polymerase chain reaction) test on urine in
pathology laboratory may be used to screen people with no symptoms.
 Taking the following measures can reduce the risk of gonorrhea
include:

Use a condom while having sex

Preventive Abstain from sex for at least seven days after treatment

measure of Take your partner to a doctor to get tested for sexually transmitted
gonorrhea infections

Avoid sex with the partners having unusual symptoms

Go for regular gonorrhea screening

Treatments of Gonorrhea
Cont..