Using Correct English

Sounds
What are some distinctive sounds of the
English language?
 Using Correct English Sounds
To be effective, a speaker who uses the English
language must strive to develop a good
command of its sounds structure. Using the
correct sounds of English helps in sending the
right message of a spoken text. Mispronunciation
could be not only confusing or misleading but also
distracting to listeners
 Using Correct English Sounds
Because English is a morphophonemic
language, i.e, words are not necessarily
pronounced the way they are spelled, one must
pay close attention to certain nuances of the
language. One such nuance is the use of a long
and short vowel sounds. Note the words steep
and steppe and paid and plaid
 Using Correct English Sounds
Steep/ ‘step/ is pronounced with a long e sound, while
steppe/ ‘step/ is pronounced with a short e sound

Paid / ‘pad/ has a long a sound, but plaid / ‘plad/ has a

short a sound
 Using Correct English Sounds
Silent letters are also common in English language. Take
note of the silent letters in the following table:
Silent b Silent g Silent h Silent k Silent l Silent n Silent p
Crumb Design Exhaust Kneel Calm Autumn Cupboard
Debt Gnome Ghost Knob Half Hymn Pneumonia
plumber reign honest knuckle talk solemn receipt
 Using Correct English Sounds
Certain English consonant blends or digraphs
produce distinct sounds. Notice how ph in
alphabet, orphan, and phantom has the sound
of /f/. gh also has the sound of /f/ in enough,
graph, and laughter but is silent and caught,
daughter, and sleigh
 Using Correct English Sounds
Some English words like the ones in the following sentences
are pronounced differently depending on their meaning or
use:
A dove suddenly dove from the roof of the building
A white cloth was wound tightly around the child’s
wound
The young artist does painting of does
 Using Appropriate
Listening Strategies
What listening strategies are best suited for
specific listening purposes?
 Using Appropriate Listening
Strategies
The way one listens depends on his or her
purpose. Listening for the gist of a spoken or oral
text, for example, differs from listening for
specific information and requires a different
listening strategy
Listening strategy may be top-down or bottom
up
 Using Appropriate Listening Strategies
Top-down listening strategies require using previous
knowledge and experiences to allow the listener to
relate to the listening text and to make connections
that will help in identifying main ideas, summarizing
information, making inferences and predictions,
discerning problems and solutions, making judgments,
etc
 Using Appropriate Listening
Strategies
Bottom-up listening strategies require
paying attention to cues such as word stress,
pauses, and repetition in order to identify
specific details and key ideas in a listening
text
Presenting Data as Linear
and Nonlinear Texts
What distinguishes a linear text from a
nonlinear text?
 Presenting Data as Linear and
Nonlinear Texts
In research, gathering data is of primary importance as
evidence for an argument or claim.
When presenting data as linear text, a researcher
uses sentences and paragraph similar to how an essay
is written. A nonlinear text, on the other hand,
presents similar information in the form of graphs,
charts, diagrams, and other visual representations
 Presenting Data as Linear and
Nonlinear Texts
It is important to note that aside from knowing how to present
information either as linear text or nonlinear text, the researcher must
be able to convert, interpret, and explain data from one form of text
to the other
Take note of the following graph:
 Presenting Data as Linear and
Nonlinear Texts
Read how the information shown in the graph is
transcoded to the linear text below
Figure 1 shows a hypothetical demand graph
for a certain brand of candy. Notice that as the price of the
candy increases, its sales drop following a decrease in
demand
 Observing Rules of
Agreement
How does following rules of agreement
add to clarity of definition?
Observing Rules of Agreement
Definitions follow not only the rules of
definition discussed in Lesson 1 but also rules
of agreement, i.e., a pronoun should agree
with its antecedent and a subject should
agree with its verb
 Observing Rules of Agreement
1. A pronoun, whether functioning as pronoun or adjective, should
have a clear antecedent. This means that when pronoun is introduced
in a definition, it should be in a clear reference to a noun in the
definition. The pronoun should agree with its antecedent in person,
number, and gender
Example Explanation
A kangaroo is a mammal that hops using its hind The pronoun its agrees with its antecedent
legs mammal in person, number, and gender
A stevedore carries the luggage of his clients The pronoun his agrees with its antecedent
stevedore in person, number, and gender
Monks are religious people who dedicate their The pronoun their agrees with its antecedent
entire lives to prayer and godly service people in person, number, and gender
 Observing Rules of Agreement
2. A subject should agree in number with its verb
Example Explanation
A whisk is a kitchen The singular verb is agrees
equipment used for with its singular subject
beating eggs whisk
Producers serve as the The plural verb serve
primary sources of agrees with its plural
nutrition for first-order subject producers
consumers
 Observing Rules of Agreement
3. Name of subjects or disciplines such as mathematics, physics,
statistics, and the like are always singular

Mathematics is the study is the study of patterns in nature

Physics explores the physical forces that govern the
universe
 Observing Rules of Agreement
4. Names of companies or organizations such as government
departments, corporate entities, agencies, associations, clubs, and the
like are singular
The Department of Agriculture is the government agency responsible
for looking after the welfare of farmers and making sure that the
country produces enough food for its citizens
The Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association, or TODA, protects not
only the welfare of tricycle operators and drivers but also the safety of
commuters