Data -link Layer

Presentation on
Submitted by:
Nafisa Ellahi
ID:2016-2-17-006
Dept. Of:CSE
 Introduction

The Internet is a combination of

networks glued together by
connecting devices (routers or
switches). If a packet is to travel
from a host to another host, it
needs to pass through these
networks.

Figure -1: shows communication at the data link layer.

 Communication at the data-link layer is node-to-node.
A data unit from one point in the Internet needs to pass through many networks (LANs and WANs) to
reach another point. Theses LANs and WANs are connected by routers. It is customary to refer to
the two end hosts and the routers as nodes and the networks in between as links.

Figure -2: is a simple representation of links and nodes when the path of the data unit is only six nodes.
 Services
The data-link layer is located between the
physical and the network layers. The data-
link layer provides
services to the network layer
It receives services from the physical layer.
 Services provide from data link layer

 Framing

 Flow Control

 Error Control

 Congestion Control
Fraiming
 Framing is a point-to-point connection between two computers or devices
consists of a wire in which data is transmitted as a stream of bits.
 These bits must be framed into discernible blocks of information. 
 It is a function of the data link layer
Flow
Control
 It is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two
nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver.
 It should be distinguished from congestion control which is used for
controlling the flow of data when congestion has actually occurred.
Error Control & Congestion Control

 It is the technique of detecting and correcting blocks

of data during communication.

 It checks the reliability of characters both at the bit level and packet level.

 It  is a network layer issue, and is thus concerned with what

happens when there is more data in the network than can be
sent with reasonable packet delays, no lost packets, etc.

 Flow control is a local, congestion control is global.

Categories of links…

 Although two nodes are

physically connected by a
transmission medium such as
cable or air.
 data-link layer controls how the
medium is used. We can have a
data-link layer that uses the
whole capacity of the medium.
 we can also have a data-link
layer that uses only part of the
capacity of the link.
 There are two categories of
link…
a. Broadcast Link
b. Point to point Link
Sub layers

we can divide the data-link layer into two sublayers

1. Data Link Control (DLC)

2. Media Access Control (MAC).

Data Link Control (DLC)

 It is the service provided by the Data Link layer of function defined in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model for network communication.
 The Data Link layer is responsible for providing reliable data transfer across one physical link (or
telecommunications path) within the network.

Media Access Control (MAC).

 It is a sublayer of the data link layer (DLL) in the seven-layer OSI network reference model. 
 It is responsible for the transmission of data packets to and from the network-interface card, and to and from
another remotely shared channel.
Link-Layer Addressing

In a internetwork such as the Internet we cannot make a datagram reach its destination using only
IPaddresses.
The source and destination IP addresses define the two ends but cannot define which links the packet should
pass through.
There are two thing in link layer adderesing
1. Link address

2. Mac address
 Link Address: A link layer address is called link address.

 Mac address: A physical address is called mac address.

Link-Layer Addressing

 link-layer protocols define three types of addresses

1. Unicast Address,
2. Multicast Address,
3. Broadcast Address.
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