PUMP

A machine used to add energy to a liquid

in order to transfer the liquid from one point
to another point of higher energy level.
 DEFINITIONS
 Hydraulics – or hydrodynamics, is the mechanics of
water or other liquid whether at rest or in motion.

 Hydrostatics – is the science of water at rest.

 Hydrokinetics – is the science of water in motion.

 Hydrodynamics – is a general term, and is generally

associated with the science of the force exerted by
water in motion, such as driving a turbine connected to
a generator.
 Atmospheric pressure – is due to the weight of the
atmosphere on the earth.

 Vacuum – a perfect vacuum is a space entirely devoid of

gas, liquids, or solids.

 Gauge pressure – is just the term implies the pressure on

a gauge on open air, the gauge being connected to a
closed pipe.

 Bourdon gauge – consists essentially of a curved tube,

fixed at the open end, with the other (closed) end free
and attached to a lever which is geared to the indicator
needle.

 Manometer – is a gauge in a form of a glass U-tube one

leg of which open to the atmosphere, or a straight tube
one end of which is open to the atmosphere.
 Pitot tube – is used to measure the pressure of water
discharging from a nozzle or flowing in a pipe by having its
open end in the water and the other end connected to a
gauge or manometer.

 Piezometer – is a device set in a pipe to enable a Bourdon

gauge or a manometer attached to the piezometer to show
the net or normal pressure.
 Capacity – is the rate of flow of liquid measured per unit
of time, usually gal/min (gpm) or liters per minute.

 Suction lift – exist when the total suction is below

atmospheric pressure. It exists when the liquid is taken
from an open to atmospheric tank where the liquid level
is below the centerline of the pump suction.

 Suction head – exists when the total suction head is

above atmospheric pressure.

 Velocity head – is figured from the average velocity

obtained by dividing the discharge in ft3/s or m3/s by the
actual area of the pipe cross section in ft2 or m2.
 Total discharge head – is the reading of a pressure gage at
the discharge of the pump, converted to feet of liquid and
referred to datum, plus velocity head at the point of gage
attachment.

 Total head – is the measure of the energy increase per

pound imparted to the liquid by the pump and is
therefore the algebraic difference between the total
discharge head and the total suction lift exists.

 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) – is the total suction

head in feet or in meter of liquid absolute determined at
the suction flange and referred to datum, less the vapor
pressure of the liquid in feet or meter absolute.
 Centrifugal pump – a pump in which the pressure is
developed principally by the action of centrifugal force.
 End suction pump – a single suction pump having its
suction nozzle on the opposite side of the casing from
the stuffing box and having the face of the suction
nozzle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
shaft.
 In Line Pump – a centrifugal pump whose drive unit is
supported by the pump having its suction and discharge
flanges on approximately the same center.
 Horizontal Pump – a pump with the shaft normally in a
horizontal position.

 Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump – a centrifugal pump with

one or more impellers discharging into one or more
bowls and a vertical eductor or column pipe used to
connect the bowls to the discharge head on which the
pump driver is mounted.
 Horizontal Split-Case Pump – a centrifugal pump
characterized by a housing which is split parallel to the shaft.

 Booster Pump – is a pump that takes suction from a public

service main or private use water system for the purpose of
increasing the effective water pressure.
 Submersible Pump – a vertical turbine pump with the
pump and motor closed coupled and designed to be
installed underground, as in the case of a deepwell pump.

 Aquifer – an underground formation that contains

sufficient saturated permeable material to yield
significant quantities of water.
 Aquifer Performance Analysis – a test designed to
determine the amount of underground water available in a
given field and proper well spacing to avoid interference in
that field.

 Wet Pit – a timber, concrete, or masonry enclosure having

a screened inlet to keep partially filled with water by an
open body of water such as pond, lake or streams.

 Ground water – that water which is available from a well,

driven into water-bearing subsurface strata (aquifer).
 Static Water Level – the level with respect to the pump
of the body of water from which it takes suction when
the pump is not in operation.

 Pumping Water Level – the level, with respect to the

pump of the body of water from which it takes suction
when the pump is in operation.

 Draw-down – the vertical difference between the

pumping water level and the static water level.
 TYPICAL PUMPING INSTALLATION
Discharge pipe Upper
Reservoir

Pressure
Gage Gate Valve
Check Valve
Suction
Pump
pipe

Foot Valve/Strainer
Lower Reservoir
 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
1. Reciprocating pump – is a positive displacement
unit wherein the pumping action is accomplished by
the forward and backward movement of a piston or
plunger inside a cylinder usually provided with
valves. It is low discharge, high head, low-speed.

2. Centrifugal pump - is a machine which the pumping

action is accomplished by imparting kinetic energy
to the fluid by a high speed revolving impeller with
vanes and subsequently converting this kinetic
energy into pressure energy either by passing
through a volute casing or through diffuser vanes. It
is high discharge, low head, high speed.
3. Rotary pump – is a positive displacement pump
consisting of a fixed casing containing gears, cams,
screws, vanes plungers or similar elements actuated by
rotation of the drive shaft. It is low discharge, low head
and used for pumping viscous liquids.

4. Turbine pump – It is used for pumping water or

condensate with high suction lift.

5. Deep well pump – is divided into plunger or

reciprocating, turbine ejector-centrifugal types and air
lifts.
6. Jet pump (Injector) – It used for pumping boiler
feedwater and used as accessory of centrifugal pump.
 BASIC PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 Impeller – It imparts velocity to the liquid resulting from
centrifugal force as the impeller is rotated.

 Casing – gives direction to the flow from the impeller

and converts this velocity energy into pressure energy.

 Shaft – transmit power from the driver to the impeller.

 Stuffing box – This is a means of throttling the leakage

which would otherwise occur at the point of entry of the
shaft into the casing.
1. Packing – this is the most common means of
throttling the leakage between the inside and
outside of the casing.
 2. Gland – to position and adjust the packing pressure.
3. Seal gage – It is also called water-seal of lantern ring
which provides passage to distribute the sealing
medium uniformly around the portion of the shaft that
passes through the stuffing box.
4. Mechanical seal - provides a mechanical sealing
arrangement that takes the place of the packing.

 Shaft Sleeve – It protects the shaft where it passes

through the stuffing box.

 Wearing Rings – It keeps internal recirculation down to a

minimum.
 Wearing Plates – with open type impellers or end
clearance wearing fits, this perform the same purpose
as wearing rings to do with radial clearances.

 Bearings – accurately locate shaft and carry radial and

trust loads.

 Frame – to mount unit rigidly and support bearings.

 Coupling – connects the pump to the driver.

 HEAD AND POWER CALCULATIONS
1. Volume flow rate of liquid handled by the pump – It is
the volume of the liquid that passes through a given
surface per unit time. It is the product of the area and
the velocity of the liquid.
Q = AV

2. Pressure head – is the height of the column of water of

liquid necessary to develop a specific pressure.
hp = P/ɣ

3. Velocity head – is the square of the speed of flow of a

liquid divided by twice the acceleration of gravity. It is
equal to the static pressure head corresponding to a
pressure equal to the kinetic energy of the liquid per
unit volume. hv = V2/2g
4. Friction head – is the head lost by the flow in a stream or
conduit due to frictional disturbances set up by the
moving liquid and its containing conduit and by
intermolecular friction. Using Darcy’s equation, hf =
flV2/2gD; using morse equation, hf = 2fLV2/gD

5. Total head or Total Dynamic Head – It the total energy

developed by the pump expressed in height of liquid. It is
the algebraic sum of static head, pressure head, friction
head and velocity head.

6. Hydraulic or Water Power – is the theoretical power

necessary to raise a a given volume of liquid from a lower
to higher elevation.
7. Pump efficiency – The ratio of the hydraulic power or
water power to the brake power.

8. Motor efficiency – the ratio of the brake power to the

input power.

9. Overall efficiency – the ratio of the hydraulic power to

the input power.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. A fuel pump is delivering 10 gal/min of oil with a

specific gravity of 0.83. The total head is 9.14 m, find
how much energy does the pump consumes in KJ/hr.

A. 169 C. 189

B. 199 D. 179
2. A pump receives 8 kg/s of water at 220 Kpa and
1100C and discharges at 1100 Kpa. Compute the
power required in KW.

A. 8.126 C. 7.040

B. 5.082 D. 6.104