Hand Test

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HAND TEST
Edwin E. Wagner, Ph.D.
Presentation by
SYEDA ANUM FATIMA
&
SADIA MISBAH
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"The Hand Test... may be especially useful
when the diagnostic questions involve the
prediction of acting-out behavior."
Jack L. Bodden, Ph.D.

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INTRODUCTION
OF
HAND TEST

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INTRODUCTION
• Diagnostic Technique
• Contain pictures Of hands as a
projective medium.
• Stimulus material consist of 10
unbound cards containing simple
line drawings of hands in various
position.
• The 10th card is blank

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• Cards are presented one at a time.
• Examinee projects by telling what the
hand is doing.
• Responses are recorded verbatim
• Initial response time per card and
other relevant behaviour is also
noted.
• Hand Test contain both quantitative
and qualitative categories.
• Simple and easy to administer.

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DEVELOPMENT
OF
HAND TEST

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Development
• The development began in later
1950’s.
• Piotrowski (1957) was felt that a
projective instrument was needed by
its nature was designed to mirror
attitudes and action tendencies which
are close to the surface and apt to
reveal the individuals behaviour.
• Responses to hands in ambiguous
poses indicate these hierarchical and
diagnostically useful scheme.
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USES OF HAND TEST

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USES OF HAND TEST
• Hand Test measures overt behavior.

• The research has shown that Hand
Test scores are related to acting out
behavior among juvenile delinquents.
• Hand Test can also measure acting-
out behavior among disruptive
students, adult prisoners,
schizophrenics, mental retardates,
and alcoholics.

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• The Hand Test can also predict
workshop performance of mentally
retarded subjects, occupational
orientation in normal populations, and
withdrawal from reality in brain-injured
versus non-brain-injured samples.

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LIMITATIONS
Of
HAND TEST

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Limitations
• This test cannot be used alone as it

does not provide complete and
concrete diagnosis.
• The test is short as compared to other
projective techniques. It is fairly
structured providing good or bad
responses that may hinder its
discriminatory ability.

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• The test should not be considered
complete in regard to the
multidimensional possibilities of
personality assessment as they are
close to motor system therefore
fantasy life, specific defence
mechanism, intelligence can be
partially discovered by hand test.

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• The Hand Test is optimally sensitive to
the examinees immediate
psychological state.
• Expert examinee is required for the
purpose of interpretation of hand test.

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ADMINISTRATION
OF
HAND TEST

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Administration
• Time required is 10 min including
recording of responses but not the
scoring.
• Before administering we have to
establish rapport.
• Examiner and examinee should be
seated at a table facing each other .
• Stimulus cards should be lined faced
down on the table.

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• The examiner show the cards to the
examinee. Cards are always
presented to the examinee right side
up; that is, the card number on the
reverse side of the card is in the
upper right-hand corner.
• An examinee may turn the card as he
wishes.
• When response to first card is
finished next card is presented to the
subject.

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• In the last he will be shown the blank
card(i.e. 10th card) and asked to
imagine whatever come to mind.
• Responses should be copied
verbatim.
• Initial time response for each
response should be recorded.
• If the examinee cannot provide a
scorable response to a card (i.e.,
produces a failure) no initial
response time is recorded for that
card.
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Instances
• Instances include the following:

• If the examinee gives a short, response
card, such as “It’s up,” the examiner
should prompt the examinee by
asking, “What is it doing?”
• If the examinee gives only one
response to the first card, the
examiner should ask, “Anything else?”
• When an examinee fails a card the
examiner says, “Can u guess?”.
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Recording Procedures
• Booklet is designed for the ease of

administration, recording and
tabulation of responses.
• Comments, exclamations and other
remarks made are recorded but not
counted as scorable responses.

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Use Of Symbols
The recording of responses can be

simplified by using the following
scoring symbols.
I. : Examinee turns card.
II. <, >, v, ٨ : Examinee turns card from
initial position to a position with the
top margin of the card to the left (<),
top margin of the card to the right (>),
top margin of the card down (v), or ٨
if the examinee leaves the card in its
initial position.
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• (Q): Examiner has ask a question.
• (E): Examinee illustrates the position
of the hand on the card with his or her
own hand.
• (D): Examinee demonstrates with his
or her own hand in order to illustrate
his or her response.

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Record Form
• Used to record responses of the

client.
• Initial response time response is also
recorded.
• Also rotations of cards are recorded in
the record form as:
• <, >, ٨ ,

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SCORING CATEGORIES
OF
HAND TEST

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Scoring Categories
Quantitative categories Qualitative Categories
• Interpersonal (INT) Ambivalent (AMB)
Affection (AFF) Automatic Phrase (AUT)
Cylindrical (CYN)
Dependence (DEP)
Denial (DEN)
Communication (COM)
Emotion (EMO)
Exhibition (EXH)
Direction (DIR) Gross (GRO)
Aggression (AGG) Hiding (HID)
• Environmental (ENV) Immature (IMA)
Acquisition (ACQ) Impotent (IMP)
Active (ACT) Inanimate (INA)
Passive (PAS) Movement (MOV)

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Scoring Categories
Quantitative categories Qualitative Categories

• Maladjustive (MAL) Oral (ORA)
Tension (TEN)
Perplexity (PER)
Crippled (CRI)
Sensual (SEN)
Fear (FEAR)
Sexual (SEX)
• Withdrawal (WITH)
Description (DFS) Original (O)
Bizarre (BIZ) Repetition (RPT)
Failure (FAIL)

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DESCRIPTION
OF
SCORING CATEGORIES

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Quantitative Scoring
Categories
INTERPERSONAL(INT)
1. Affection(AFF)
• Involves pleasure, affection or friendly feeling.

• “Waving to a friend-a greeting”
• A friendly salute to a fellow officer
• Comforting hand of a nurse.

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2-Dependence(DEP)
• Expressed dependence on need for

help.
• Aid from another person
• “A drowning person calling for help.”
• “A hand folded in prayer, asking for
forgiveness.”

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3-Communiation(COM)
• Presenting or exchange of information.

• “Stressing a point in conversation”
• “A child holding finger up, showing
how old he is.”

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4-Exhibition(EXH)
• Displaying oneself in order to approve

other.
• Stress on special characteristics of
hand
• “Showing off her diamond wring”
• “Child showing off his clean hands”

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5-Direction(DIR)
• Dominating, directing or influencing

activities of others.
• “Police officer saying, stop!”
• “Giving a command”

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6-Aggresion(AGG)
• Involves giving of pain or aggression.

• “Trying to scare someone”
• “Boxing in the wring”

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Environmental Responses(ENV)
• Represent generalized attitude

towards the impersonal world.
• Activities that individual consider
important for survival.
• It is classified in three subcategories.

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i-Acquistion (ACQ)
• Attempt to obtain a goal or a object.

• Movement is ongoing and the goal is
unattained still in doubt.
• “Trying to catch a football”
• “Grabbing for something that has
fallen”

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ii-Active(ACT)
• An action or attitude designed to
manipulate, attain or alter an object or
goal.
• Active differs from Acquisition (ACQ)
in that the object or goal has been or
will be accomplished.
• “Writing with a pencil”
• “Throwing a ball”
• “Picking up a coin”

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Maladjustive Response(MAL)
• Those responses of which individual is

partially aware, in carrying out various
actions due to experienced inner
weakness.
• Maladjustive responses can be divided
in three subcategories.

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1-Tension(TEN)
• It indicates energy in being exerted but

nothing or little is accomplished.
• A feeling of tension, anxiety is present.
• “A fist clenched in anger”
• “Tensing hands to see if nerves are
steady”
• “Holding something everything very
tight”

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2-Crippled(CRIP)
Includes responses like

• “A dead person hand”
• “Woman’s hand. She's been hurt”
• “That hand is bleeding.”

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3-Fear(Fear)
• It is scored when the hand is

threatened with pain, injury or death
• The response is classified as fear if
hand is perceived as causing pain,
injury or death.
• “My fathers hand, like he is going to hit
me.”
• “Falling back, trying to save himself.”

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Withdrawal Response(WITH)
• It represents an inability of the

examinee to project an appropriate
action onto the picture of hand.
• It is classified in three subcategories.

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1-Description(DES)
• Examinee gives simple responses.

• “Just a hand.”
• “Palm up.”
2-Bizzare(BIZ)
• Based on hallucinatory content, or other

peculiar thinking.
“A black bug”
“A crocodile creeping alongTemplates
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3-Failure(FAIL)
• No scorable response at all is given to

a particular card.
• Response is tabulated when the
scoring summary is not included in the
response total.

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Qualitative Scoring
Categories
• 17 categories have been identified.
• Card responses may be classified one
by one or more than one qualitative
category per response is rare.

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1-Ambivalent (AMB)
• This response occur when hesitation

or uncertainty is voiced about
imparted action tendencies.
• “Is he demanding
something?”(Q )“Could be demanding
or ordering someone.

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2-Automatic Phrase(AUT)
• Occur in the beginning or end of a

response to the series of cards.
• Usual way of scoring automatic
phrase(AUT) is by underlying the
phrase and counting the phrase when
the test is completed.
• “Well, what could that be?A person
punching someone in the nose.”

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3-Cylindrical(CYL)
• Hand is perceived as holding,

manipulating or using an object i.e.
large enough to occupy space between
the hand and fingers.
• “Like a plumber screwing a pipe”
• “Holding a flag pole”

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4-Denial(DEN)
• The reaction is stronger than in

ambivalence response and is definitely
avoided by the examinee.

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5-Emotion(EMO)
• Response is invested with emotion.

• Response is full of intense feeling.
• “Real happy, just bursting right out
with joy. hasn’t seen his buddy in
years and is really glad to shake his
hand(AFF).”

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6-Gross(GRO)
• It indicates an aggressive act which is

uncontrolled and completely
unsocialized.
• “Split somebody’s skull open with a
baseball bat.”

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7-Hiding(HID)
• Hand is perceived as concealing

something.
• “Has something valuable in the hand,
keeping his finger closed so no one
can see it”
• “A magician doing one of those hand
tricks making a penny disappear.”

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8-Immature(IM)
• Perceives hand as relating to children

or animals.
• “Pet a dog”
• “Teacher. Sending a child to the
board.”

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9-Impotent(IMP)
• Expressed inability on examinees part

to respond to or “figure out” the test
stimuli.
• “These are too hard for me.”
• I’m too old to do this”

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10-In Animate(INA)
• Does not see the hand as belonging to

live human being.
• Hand is associated with inanimate
portrayals such as painting,
• statue or movie screen.
• “Not doing anything, just elegant and
beautiful.”

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11-Movement(MOV)
• It specifies random, unproductive

activity.
• Purposeless, repetitive activity
imparted to the movement of hand.
• “Like it is folding and unfolding”(Q)
“Tense and just closing and opening.”

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12-Oral(ORA)
• The response implying ingestion of

food, liquid or drug scored in oral
response.
• “Has a fork in his hand, eating.”

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13-Perplexity(PER)
• The stimuli are different and that he or

she is puzzled.
• “What is it doing?”(Yes)“Well, it could
be doing alot of things; you cant be
sure(Fail).”

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14-Sensual(SEN)
• Involve tactual, sensual element.

• Hand is seen as deriving pleasure from
feeling or touching people or objects.
• “Working with clay. Likes the feeling of
it”(ACT)

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15-Sexual(SEX)
• Hand is directly engaged in sexual
activity.
• “To relieve tension”

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16-Original(O)
• Response should only be scored by

experienced examiner who has given and
interpreted large number of response.
• Response is appropriate to the drawn
hand unusual and original.
• Intelligence and creativity should not be
scored unless examinee is sure about
the response.
• “Using your hand to explain how current
flow in a physics class”
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17-Repetition(RPT)
• Examinee gives same response on a

number of cards.
• When repetition occur a checkmark
should be made in the scoring column.
• “That hand is waving”

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Additional Categories

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Additional Categories
• The additional qualitative features may be

scored provided they are interpreted with
caution.
• It is recommended that these scores
not be recorded in the summary
section of the booklet.

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1- Ball
• Hand is seen as bouncing, throwing or

otherwise handling a ball or a round
object.
• Catching a baseball.
• Ball response is given by individuals
usually males who are interested in
sports.
• Ball response should be interpreted
cautiously.

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• It convey three different meaning.
1- Psychosexual problem
2- Interest in sports
3- Socialized involvement in cooperative
ventures.

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2- Drug
• Usually under the oral category.

• Some examinee prefer to score it
separately because of implication of
examinee orality that has led to drug
usage rather than less dangerous oral
habits such as eating, drinking.

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3- Food
• Response related to oral category.

• Sometimes used to differentiate direct,
food ingestion from other related oral
activities such as smoking.

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4- Evasive(EVAS)
• It is not a common response when it

does occur it is given to psychopath
and other personality types.

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5- Concreteness(CONC)
• Represent an imaginal failure.

• Examinee fall back on something in
order to come up with a response. This
reaction is given by examinee with low
mental ability.
• Examinee with low IQ or brain damage
says:
“That’s your hand holding the card.”

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6- Feminine(FEM)or Masculine(MASC)
• This category is scored when the sex

of hand is mentioned.
• “That’s a man’s hand moving a piece
of machinery”
• Male-Female differences pertain life
orders.

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7- Homosexuality(HOMO)
• Involves activity, relationship or

description which makes reference to
homosexual may be scored as
homosexuality response.
• It is a gay person talking you know
how they hold their hands.

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8- Money(MON)
• Response is scored when the hand is

seen as dealing with currency.
• “Picking up a penny.”
• It is encountered with people who are
concerned with money or who lack it.
• It is found among jobless examinees
referred by social agencies.

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9- Personification(PERS)
• It is scored when examinee refer to

themselves
• Personification response is given to
self centred people who are interested
in their own problems and have trouble
making an objective.
• It can be found in normal people but
tends to be encountered more
frequently with hysterics, borderline
cases, and certain types of schizoids.
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10- Self(SELF)
• Responses are scored when the

activity is self-directed. Such a
response denotes an interest in
oneself instead of the environment.
• Self response involves a concern with
feelings, pleasures, and activities
which derive from the self rather that
other people or the impersonal
environment.

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• It also seems to occur more often in
children than. It seems logical that
children might focus on their own
bodies before directing their energies
outwardly.

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11- Symbolism(SYM)
• It occurs when an examinee assigns

abstract meaning to an action or
description.
• “A dancer making expressive
movements to symbolize the joy of
creation.”

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• Symbolism is often found in
conjunction with Inanimate responses
(e.g., “The hand of Mona Lisa. It’s
peaceful. Symbolizes gentleness”).

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PSYCHOMETRIC
PROPERTIES
RELIABILITY

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Test Retest Reliability
• Test retest reliability of hand test has
been examined using normal and
psychopathological groups.
• A study of Panek and Stoner(1979)
• Group of 71 normal examinees, 56

female and 15 males.
• Two week interval was used between
test administration.
• Test retest correlation ranged from .51
to .89 for quantitative scoring .30 to .80
for qualitative scoring.
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Internal Consistency
• Following study have examined the

internal consistency of the hand test.
• The first study involved 100 protocols
of individuals belonging to various
groups.
• Split half reliabilities were obtained.
• Comparing card 1,3,5,7&9 with the
pathological score for cards 2,4,6,8,10.

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• The split half reliabilities were
• For individuals .85,.84,&.85
• For pair of individuals 0.86,.96,.92

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Inter scorer Reliability
• Study of normal female examinees by
(Maloney &Wagner (1979))
• Two judges were involved in the study.
• One was well trained graduate student.
• Other was author of test.
• Spearman correlation was computed
which ranged from 0.71 to 1.00 (perfect
agreement).

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VALIDITY OF HAND
TEST

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Criterion Validity
• The ability of hand test responses to
differentiate between normals and
schizophrenics by (Wagner,1961).
• Groups of male schizophrenics and 50
normal male college students were
selected.
• Correlation was composed for four hand
test variables
• Interpersonal=.56
• Active=.40
• Maladjustive=.36
• Withdrawal=.81 Free Powerpoint Templates
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Predictive Validity
• Study by Darrbney and Wagner(1980)
investigated the relationship of the
hand test and predicted success in
medical colleges.
• 23 students participated, 13 males
and 10 females.
• Students were given hand test and
Rorschach and index of
maladjustment.

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• Results showed that scores of
maladjustment correlated negatively
with all measures of intellect and
performance.
• Correlation of .55 was found.

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Concurrent Validity
• A number of studies have examined
the relationship of hand test
performance to various behaviours
and performance.
• Panek, Wagner, Barrett and
Alexander(1978) studied the
relationship of hand test performance
with the automatic accidents.
• 170 females were taken.
• Divided into two groups
• Older driver
• Younger driver Free Powerpoint Templates
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• Correlation between younger driver
and initial response time and number
of accidents .27 and older is .41.
• Results indicate that hand test might
be useful for Identifying individuals
with personality disposition towards
accidents.

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INTERPRETATION
QUANTITATIVE
INTERPRETATION
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Quantitative
Interpretation
Interpersonal Responses
• Interpersonal responses involve

relation with other people.
• Lack of interpersonal responses
indicate an individual whose life lack
interpersonal roles.

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Variety of possible interpersonal
responses
1. Affection
2. Dependence
3. Communication
4. Exhibition
5. Direction
6. Aggression

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I. Affection
• Affectionate person participates in

pleasurable relationships which
involve mutual interchange of
positive feelings and attitudes.
• They give and receive affection and
generally impress others as being
reasonable and friendly.

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II. Dependence
• Dependent people are those who

need others.
• These persons are willing to
subordinate themselves in order to
receive care and protection.
• Dependence responses are
considered to be socially positive
and essential to people’s well being.

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III. Communication
• Communication responses are given

by examinees who engage in
reciprocal information exchanges as
a way of displaying interpersonal
roles.
• These type of responses can be
found among all types of individuals.

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IV. Exhibition
• In exhibition responses the individual

desires pleasure from receiving the
attention of others.
• The need for praise and being the
center of attention is a major part of
an exhibition responses.
• People showing exhibition responses
are egocentric and individualistic.

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V. Direction
• These people manipulate others into

fulfilling their needs but neither
dislike those people being
manipulated.
• Individuals who are not directive are
not suitable for social success.

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VI. Aggression
• Aggressive people are often social,

seek to hurt others, and are
ineffective in real goals.
• Limited no of aggressive responses
especially mixed with positive
interpersonal responses, may be
expected in normal individuals.

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Environmental Responses
• Environmental responses are assumed

to represent generalized attitudes to
impersonal world.
• Environmental responses are broken
down into three more specific
quantitative scoring categories.
1. Acquisition responses
2. Active responses
3. Passive responses

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I. Acquisition Responses
• Individuals who produce many

acquisition responses tend to set
their sights high and pursue even
greater accomplishment than they
have already achieved.
• Athletes, sales personnel, and
scientists may all produce
acquisition responses although their
goals differ.

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II. Active Responses
• Active responses are generally given

by examinees who are involved in
constructive accomplishment.
• Home-worker, laborer and expert
burglar may all give Active responses
even though the purpose toward
which they direct their efforts differs
greatly.

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III. Passive Responses
• A passive response means that at

least some of the time an individual
will desire allowing psychological or
physical passivity.
• The greater the number of passive
responses, the more the examinee
gravitates toward situations which
assure few struggles.

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Maladjustive Responses
• Maladjustive responses arise from a

failure to meet goals.
• Normal individuals who are suffering from
tension and feelings of inadequacy can
produce a small number of Maladjustive
responses.
• Maladjustive responses are divided into
three subcategories:
i. Tension
ii. Crippled
iii.Fear
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I. Tension Responses
• Tension responses may be given by

normal individuals who suppress or
waste action tendencies.
• Examples include:
“A hand that is full of nervous tension.”

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II. Crippled Responses
• In crippled responses the examinee

projects his or her psychological
insufficiencies and inadequacies by
physical deforming the hand.
• Crippled responses may indicate
many types of inferiority (e.g.
intellectual, emotional, physical).

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III. Fear Responses
• Phobic experience and individual’s

own internalized hostility can
produce fear response.
• Responses of this type reflect
genuine apprehension about threat to
ego integrity.
• Fear responses generally have
greater pathological significance than
tension or crippled responses.

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Withdrawal Responses
• Withdrawal responses reflect an rejection

of meaningful, effective life rules.
• Withdrawal responses are not given by the
normative groups so withdrawal
responses should be considered
pathological.
• Withdrawal category is subdivided into
three more categories.
i. Description
ii. Bizarre
iii.Failure Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 107
I. Description
• This type of response is most typical

of deteriorated schizophrenics,
although neurotic, mentally retarded
and a rare normal examinee also
produce description responses.
• Elaborated description responses
reflect unique emotional states,
where as simple description
responses represent an attempt to
deal with reality.

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II. Bizarre Responses
• Bizarre responses are the most

serious of all withdrawal responses.
• The examinee partially or completely
ignores the hand stimuli and projects
his or her illogical perceptions onto
the hand.
• Bizarre responses mostly appear in
schizophrenics who are displaying
psychotic symptomatology (e.g.,
delusions and hallucinations).
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III. Failure Responses
• Failure responses represent the

inability of the examinee to attend or
respond to hand stimuli.
• Failure have serious implications and
should not be taken lightly.
• Deterioration, especially organic
deterioration is indicated when
several failures are produced by the
examinee.

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INTERPRETATION
QUALITATIVE
INTERPRETATION
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Qualitative Interpretation
• The quantitative scores are

concerned with methods of relating
to the interpersonal and impersonal
environment, whereas the qualitative
scores focus more on personal
tendencies and the motivation behind
these action tendencies.

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1. Ambivalent
• Ambivalent shows hesitancy in the

expression of the behavior with
which it is associated.
• The implication is that such action
tendencies are only partially
successful in the past and examinee
is hesitant about expressing them.
• Ambivalent responses occur among
all clinical groups.
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2. Automatic Phrase
• It is rare
• It represents a feeble, stereotyped
attempt to induce familiarity and
structure into which it is a difficult,
disturbing task for the examinee.

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3. Cylindrical
• It has been found among chronic

male masturbators, male
homosexuals and females with
sexual identity problems but is not
pathognomonic of any one
diagnostic group.

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4. Denial
• Denial has a similar interpretation as

Ambivalent.
• Here a defensive reaction formation
can be assumed since the action
tendency is explicitly denied.

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5. Emotion
• It does not necessarily to imply

genuine and deep emotion.
• It tends to occur more with
individuals who possess only
apparent affect.
• For example:
• “That’s the way I carried my
bouquet when was married. I was so
happy.”

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6. Gross
• Gross is never a good sign since it

denotes egocentricity and a disregard
for the right of others.
• It occurs most often with individuals
with psychopathology and aggressive
character disorder.

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7. Hiding
• Hiding shows a tendency to

misrepresent and conceal one’s true
intentions.
• People who give hiding responses
deliberately attempt to prevent the
exposure to certain psychological
traits, usually for the purpose of
fooling or manipulating others.

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8. Immature
• Immature response is common among

children and becomes less frequent as
age increase.
• It is interpreted in a straight forward
manner as indicating some degree of
immaturity in interpersonal
relationships.

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9. Impotent
• It is rare.
• It is representative of cognitive
problems and may be associated with
low intelligence.

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10.Inanimate
• It represents ruminative tendencies

which tend to remain imaginal and do
not find ready release in behavior.
• It suggests highly subjective thoughts.
• It is associated with intelligence
although the mental abilities may not
be practically applied.

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11.Movement
• Movement represents a working off of

excess energy and is often associated
with purposeless, even antisocial
behavior.
• The movement response was first noted
in random such as escape from the
institution and easily provoked anger.

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12.Oral
• Oral response is indicative of an oral-

dependent orientation.
• It is more common among children,
substance abusers and passive
dependent personalities than among
normals.

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13.Perplexity
• Perplexity can occur with impotent

with same interpretive significance
(i.e., cognitive difficulty).
• Care should be taken to make sure
that the perplexity response is a
genuine expression of confusion.

Page 125
14.Sensual
• Sensual implies that the examinee

enjoys and seeks out experiences
which stimulate the senses. It tends
to be given by more intelligent
examinees.

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15.Sexual
• Sexual response is more reliable of

qualitative categories.
• This type of responses occurs in
individuals who are preoccupied with
sex.
• When it is scored, the interpreter
should look for other signs of
psychopathology also.

Page 127
16.Original
• Original responses indicate

originality, creativity and intelligence.
• This type of score is rare and should
only be scored by an experienced
clinician.

Page 128
17.Repetition
• Repetition denotes a lack of flexibility

in dealing with life’s challenges.
• Repetitions are often associated with
limited intelligence or organic brain
damage.

Page 129
References:-
Wagner,E.E.”The Hand Test Manual”,

1983,Los Angeles:California,western
psychological services.

Page 130
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• Hand Test measures overt behavior.

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• This test cannot be used alone as it

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• Instances include the following:

• Booklet is designed for the ease of

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The recording of responses can be

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• Used to record responses of the

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Quantitative categories Qualitative Categories

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• Involves pleasure, affection or friendly feeling.

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• Expressed dependence on need for

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• Presenting or exchange of information.

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• Displaying oneself in order to approve

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• Dominating, directing or influencing

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• Involves giving of pain or aggression.

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• Represent generalized attitude

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• Attempt to obtain a goal or a object.

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• Those responses of which individual is

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• It indicates energy in being exerted but

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Includes responses like

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• It is scored when the hand is

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• It represents an inability of the

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• Examinee gives simple responses.

• Based on hallucinatory content, or other

• No scorable response at all is given to

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• This response occur when hesitation