Lecture 7-CA I (En-115)

LECTURE # 7 CA 1 [EN-115]
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I [EN-

115]
COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
DR BILAL ASLAM
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, UET TAXILA
• Contents
 Linearity & Superposition
 Source Transformation
 Thevenin & Norton Theorems

 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• Nodal and Mesh Analysis

 Reliable and extremely powerful methods.
 Tedious computations are involved for analysing large complex

circuits.
 Analysis can be simplified by using some handy techniques.
 Source Transformation, Superposition Theorem, Thevenin Theorem,
Norton Theorem, Delta-Wye Transformation.
• Linearity
 Linearity is the property of an element describing a linear relationship between
cause and effect.
 Combination of both the homogeneity (scaling) property
and the additivity property.
 Homogeneity property: If the input (also called the excitation) is multiplied by
a constant, then the output (also called the response) is multiplied by the same
constant.
• Additive property: The response to a sum of inputs

is the sum of the responses to each input applied separately.
Homogeneity
Additive
• Linear element: Passive element that has a linear voltage-current

relationship.
• Linear dependent source: Output current or voltage is proportional
only to the first power of a specified current or voltage variable in
the circuit (or to the sum of such quantities).
• Linear circuit: A circuit composed entirely of independent sources,
linear dependent sources, and linear elements.
 Assume that Vo = 1 V and use linearity to calculate the actual

value of Vo in the circuit of Fig. below.
8
1=൬ ൰𝑉
8 + 16 𝑠
𝑉𝑠 = 2.5 𝑉
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠 = 2.5 𝑉, 𝑉𝑜 = 1 𝑉.
40
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠 = 40 𝑉, 𝑉𝑜 = × 1 = 16 𝑉
2.5
So, actual value of Vo is 16 V.

• Superposition Theorem
 Voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is
the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that
element due to each independent source acting alone.
 Superposition is not limited to circuit analysis but is applicable in
many fields where cause and effect bear a linear relationship to
one another
10
11
12
 For the circuit of Fig. below, use superposition to determine the

unknown branch current ix.
13
Current Source "off "

14
Voltage Source "off "

15
 For the circuit of Fig. below, use superposition to obtain the

voltage across each current source.
16
Current Source "off "

17
Voltage Source "off "

18
• Source Transformation
• Tool for simplifying circuits and is based on the concept of
equivalence.
• Equivalent circuit is one whose v-i characteristics are identical
with the original circuit.
19
20
• Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided

we carefully handle the dependent variable.
21
• Summary of Source Transformation

 A common goal in source transformation is to end up with either all current
sources or all voltage sources in the circuit.
 Repeated source transformations can be used to simplify a circuit by allowing
resistors and sources to eventually be combined.
 The resistor value does not change during a source transformation, but it is not
the same resistor.
 If the voltage or current associated with a particular resistor is
used as a controlling variable for a dependent source, it should
not be included in any source transformation.
22
 If the voltage or current associated with a particular element is of

interest, that element should not be included in any source
transformation.
 In a source transformation, the head of the current source arrow
corresponds to the “+” terminal of the voltage source.
 A source transformation on a current source and resistor requires that the
two elements be in parallel.
 A source transformation on a voltage source and resistor requires that the
two elements be in series.
23
 For the circuit of Fig. below, compute the voltage V across the 1
MΩ resistor using repeated source transformations.
24
25
26
 Find io in the circuit of Fig. below using source transformation.

27
28
29
30
• Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

 Require only a partial analysis of a circuit
 Determine the current, voltage, and power delivered to a
single “load” resistor by the remainder of the circuit.
 Find the response for different values of the load resistance.
31
32
33
34
 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the current through the 2 Ω

resistor in the circuit of Fig. below.
35
36
Thevenin Voltage
37
Thevenin Resistance
38
39
• Norton Theorem
40
41
42
 Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit in Fig below at
terminal a-b.
43
44
45
46
• If dependent sources are present, how to find thevenin resistance.
• Find open circuit voltage. VTH
• Find short circuit current. Isc
• Make use of this relation to compute RTH

𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐
47
• Find the Thévenin equivalent for the network of Fig. below.

48
49
50
• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

 An independent voltage source in series with a resistance Rs, or an
independent current source in parallel with a resistance Rs,
delivers maximum power to a load resistance RL such that RL =
Rs.
 A network delivers maximum power to a load resistance RL when
RL is equal to a the Thévenin equivalent resistance of the network.
51
52
 Determine the value of RL that will draw the maximum power

from the rest of the circuit in Fig. below. Calculate the maximum
power.
53
Open circuit voltage

54
55

Lecture 7-CA I (En-115)

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LECTURE # 7 CA 1 [EN-115]

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I [EN-

 Thevenin & Norton Theorems

• Nodal and Mesh Analysis

 Tedious computations are involved for analysing large complex

• Additive property: The response to a sum of inputs

• Linear element: Passive element that has a linear voltage-current

 Assume that Vo = 1 V and use linearity to calculate the actual

So, actual value of Vo is 16 V.

 For the circuit of Fig. below, use superposition to determine the

Current Source "off "

Voltage Source "off "

 For the circuit of Fig. below, use superposition to obtain the

Current Source "off "

Voltage Source "off "

• Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided

• Summary of Source Transformation

 If the voltage or current associated with a particular element is of

 Find io in the circuit of Fig. below using source transformation.

• Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the current through the 2 Ω

• If dependent sources are present, how to find thevenin resistance.

• Find open circuit voltage. VTH

• Find short circuit current. Isc

• Make use of this relation to compute RTH

• Find the Thévenin equivalent for the network of Fig. below.

• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

 Determine the value of RL that will draw the maximum power

Open circuit voltage

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