WELCOME

Students
to the subject
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
TYPES OF INSPECTION

INCOMMING INSPECTION

PROCESS INSPECTION

FIXED INSPECTION

FINAL INSPECTION
Statistics studies methodologies to
gather, review, analyze and draw
conclusions from data.
Quality is the degree to which an object (e.g.,
process, product, or service) satisfies a specified
set of attributes or requirements.
A system of maintaining standards in
manufactured products by testing a sample of
the output against the specification
Process Control is the active changing of
the process based on the results
of process monitoring.
Product control is mainly concerned with
compiling profit and loss accounts
from products
Process Control

Process control is a technique of ensuring the

quality of the products during the manufacturing
process itself.

 If a process consistently produces items with

acceptable or tolerable range of specifications, it
is said to be statistically under control.
Process control is achieved through control
charts.

Process control aims to control and

maintain the quality of the products in the
manufacturing process.
Statistical Control Charts
A control chart compares graphically the
process performance data to computed
statistical control limits.
These control limits act as limit lines on the
chart.
 Control charts are the tools to determine
whether the process is under control or not.
The primary objective of a control chart is to
detect assignable causes of variation in the
manufacturing process.

The assignable causes lead to unusual degree

of variations and can best be described by
normal distribution.

Quality controllers define limits within which

variations are acceptable.
Process capability
It refers to the ability to achieve measurable
results from a combination of machines,
tools, methods, materials, and people
engaged in production
 CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES

 Range = Maximum Value–Minimum Value.

For example, the data set 4,6,10,15,18 has a maximum of
18, a minimum of 4 and a range of 18-4 = 14
 C - CHART
The quality of attributes can be determined on the basis of
‘yes or no’, or ‘go or no go’. In other words, in case of a mirror-
glass, even if there is one scratch, it is not considered to be a
quality mirror. In such a case, the quality is decided based on
whether the mirror has any scratches or not. Each scratch is
considered as a defect. Every mirror containing one or more
than one defects is called defective. In some cases, if the
number of defects per unit is low, it can be sold as a second-
quality item. The control charts for attributes are ‘c’ chart and
‘p’ chart.
‘c’ chart is used where there are a number of defects per

unit. This control chart controls the number of defects

per unit. Here the sample size should be constant. A

control chart reveals the pattern of the quality. This chart

is useful when several independent defects may occur in

every unit produced, as in complex assemblies.

 P - CHART
‘p’ chart is used where there is data about the
number of defectives per sample. It is also called
fraction defective chart or percentage defective
chart. Here, each item is classified on ‘go or no
go’ basis, that is, good or bad (defective). Data
collection costs and efforts are relatively less
under this method. Hence, if the sample size is
larger, the results could be better.
Acceptance Sampling
Acceptance sampling is a technique of
deciding whether to accept the whole lot or
not, based on the number of defectives from a
randomly drawn sample. It is the process of
ensuring the quality of the products at the point
of sale. In other words, it is intended to
guarantee the customer that the lot meant for
sale does not contain defective products.
Single Sampling plan
Double Sampling plan
Material Management is responsible for purchasing

the highest quality equipment and products at the

lowest possible cost for the organization.

 Material Management is also responsible

for managing purchasing, inventory control functions,

shipping and receiving, and also planning and

administering department budgets

UNIT – 3
END