The Internet Of Things

CS4250, CE4280 - Internet of Things

Shan Ahmed Usmani

 Hall Effect & Current Sensors

• Magnetic Sensor
• Used to measure the magnitude of the magnetic field
• Generate a Hall voltage when a magnetic field is detected
• Voltage directly proportional to electric current and magnetic field strength.
 Applications

• Position sensing
• Proximity sensing
• Speed detection
• current sensing applications
• Switch
• magnetometers
 Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor (PIR)

• Two slots filled with material Reacts to IR radiation and heat

• Crystalline material that generates current when subjected to IR radiation
• Field Effect Transistor (FET) detects the change in current
• 8 to 14 um range (wavelength range)
• 5m to 12m measuring range
 Important Features

• sensitivity (range)
• hold time
 LIDAR

• Light Detecting and Ranging

• Distance measurement
• Laser pulse reflection
• 600 to 1000 nm wavelength
• Distance = (Speed of light x Time Of Flight) / 2
 Applications

• self-driving vehicles
• Robotics
• Surveillance
 MEMS sensors

• Micro-electromechanical systems
• miniaturized mechanical structures
• mechanical signal into an electrical signal.
• 1 to 100 um geometry range
 MEMS Sensors

• Accelerometers
• Gyroscope
• Pressure Sensors
• Microphone
 Sensor fusion

• process of combining several different sensors data

• reveal more about context
• Centralized: Where raw data is streamed and aggregated to a central
service (cloud-based)
• De-centralized: Where data is correlated at the sensor (or close to it)
 Output devices

• output systems can require substantial energy

• Actuators
• Stepper motors
• Speakers and audio systems
• Industrial valves
• Lights
 Microcontroller

• Integrated circuit (IC) device used for controlling other portions of an

electronic system
• Designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems
 Elements of a Microcontroller

• Central Processing Unit : arithmetic operations, manages data flow, and

generates control signal
• Memory:
1. Program memory: Instructions that the CPU carries out, non-volatile
memory
2. Data memory: temporary data storage, volatile
 Peripherals
• Data converters: analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog converter,
reference-voltage generator
• Clock generation: internal oscillator, crystal-drive circuitry
• Timing: general-purpose timer, real-time clock, external-event counter
• Analog signal processing: operational amplifier, analog comparator
• Input/output: general-purpose digital input and output circuitry, parallel
memory interface
• Serial communication: UART, SPI, I2C, USB
TI SensorTag CC2650