GRADING SYSTEM

Lecture:
 Class Standing Performance - 10%
(Assignments, Problem Sets, etc)
 Quiz Performance Item - 40%
(Chapter Quiz, Prelim)
 Major Exams - 30%
(Midterm and Final Exams)
 Performance Task - 20%
100%

Lecture Final Rating/Grade = 50% Midterm + 50% Final Term

 GRADING SYSTEM
Laboratory:
 Laboratory Reports/Activities - 40%
 Laboratory Quiz - 20%
 Major Exams - 40%
100%

Overall Final Rating/Grade = 50% Midterm + 50% Final Term

Notes:

 If the student has NOT submitted any of the class requirements, he/she must
be given a grade of D/F.
 If the student got a grade of below 70%, he/she must have a grade of “P”,
considering that we are experiencing this pandemic.
CHAPTER 1:
KINEMATICS
1D-, 2D-, 3D-MOTION

CARIEL O. MONTALBAN, MS C.
LEARNING GOALS
By studying this chapter, you will learn:
 How to describe straight-line motion in terms of average velocity,
instantaneous velocity, average acceleration, and instantaneous
acceleration.
 How to interpret graphs of position versus time, velocity versus
time, and acceleration versus time for straight-line motion.
 How to solve problems involving straight-line motion with
constant acceleration, including free-fall problems.
 How to analyze straight-line motion when the acceleration is not
constant.
 How to describe the curved path followed by a projectile.
 The key ideas behind motion in a circular path, with either
constant speed or varying speed.
 When you throw a billiard ball straight up
in the air, how high does it go?

What distance must an airliner travel down

a runway before reaching takeoff speed?

When a glass slips from your

hand, how much time do you
have to catch it before it hits the
floor?

These are the kinds of questions you will learn to answer in this chapter.
MECHANICS
 Study of the relationships among force, matter, and motion.

Gravitational force
PARTS OF MECHANICS This is our focus in
this chapter.

 KINEMATICS
 Part of mechanics that enables us to describe motion.
 DYNAMICS
 Part of mechanics that relates motion to its causes.

Push or Applied Force

to move the cart
 Displacement/Distance
Are physical quantities that describe the
 Speed/Velocity motion of an object with positive or negative
values to indicate their direction.
 Acceleration

 
Distance, – is a scalar quantity that  
Displacement, – is a vector quantity
refers to the interval between one point that refers to the difference between an
in time and object’s starting position and final
𝑥another.
 Δ ⃗ =2𝑚 −0 𝑚 position after it moves.
 𝚫 ⃗
𝒙 =𝟐𝒎 , 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
or
 Δ 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2
 Δ ⃗
𝑥 =⃗𝑥 1 +⃗𝑥2
 𝚫 𝒙 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 =6 𝑚+ 4 𝑚=𝟏𝟎 𝒎
Δ
  ⃗𝑥 =6 𝑚 𝑖^ +4 𝑚(− 𝑖^ )
Δ
  ⃗𝑥 =6 𝑚 𝑖^ −4 𝑚( 𝑖^ )
 𝚫 ⃗
𝒙 =𝟐𝒎 𝒊^
EXAMPLE 1
  snail is at a distance of 18.0 mm at t = 2.0 s and is later found at
A
20.0 mm after 7.0 s. What is the displacement and average velocity of
the particle for this time interval?
Given:

Find:
 Displacement/Distance
Are physical quantities that describe the
 Speed/Velocity motion of an object with positive or negative
values to indicate their direction.
 Acceleration

  Speed, – is a scalar quantity that

refers to the rate of movement
irrespective of direction.   Velocity, – is a vector quantity that
 It is equal to the total distance travelled refers to the time of rate of change
divided by the total travelled time, or of displacement.
the rate of change of distance with
respect to time.
 unit:
  Displacement/Distance
Are physical quantities that describe the
 Speed/Velocity motion of an object with positive or negative
values to indicate their direction.
 Acceleration

  Average Velocity, – the change of

displacement per unit time interval.
  In three dimensional (3D)
Δ ⃗𝒓 ⃗𝒙𝟐 − ⃗𝒙 𝟏 ^ ⃗
𝒚 − ⃗𝒚 𝟏 ^ ⃗𝒛 𝟐 − ⃗𝒛 𝟏 ^
⃗  𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝒗 = 𝒊+ 𝟐 𝒋+ 𝒌
Δ𝑡 𝒕 𝟐 −𝒕 𝟏 𝒕 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 𝒕 𝟐 −𝒕 𝟏

  Instantaneous Velocity, – velocity at any

specific instant of time and specific point
along the path.
EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTIONS
A
  car travels along a straight road to the   For the average speed
east for 100 meters in 4 seconds, then go to
 Since distance is a scalar quantity, we
the west for 50 meters in 1 second.
neglect the directions or signs. So,
Determine the average speed and average
velocity.

Given:
 For the average velocity
 Since displacement is a vector quantity,
we need to include the direction or sign.
Then,

Find:

 We need to include the direction in the

Formula: answer, which is EAST, since average
velocity is a vector quantity.
Average speed,
Average velocity,
  Displacement/Distance
Are physical quantities that describe the
 Speed/Velocity motion of an object with positive or negative
values to indicate their direction.
 Acceleration

  Acceleration,– the rate at which velocity

changes per unit time interval.
 Velocity divided by time.
 In three dimensional (3D)
 unit: m/s2
 𝒂 Δ ⃗𝑣 ⃗𝒗 𝟐 𝒙 − ⃗𝒗 𝟏 𝒙 ^ ⃗𝒗 𝟐 𝒚 − ⃗𝒗 𝟏 𝒚 ^ ⃗𝒗 𝟐 𝒛 − 𝒗⃗𝟏 𝒛 ^
⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
Δ𝑡 𝒕 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 𝒕 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 𝒕 𝟐 −𝒕 𝟏

  Instantaneous acceleration, –
acceleration at any specific instant of time
and specific point along the path.
EXAMPLE 3 SOLUTION
A
  sparrow, while going back to its nest
accelerates to 6 m/s from 3 m/s in 5 s. What
can we say about its average acceleration?   The average acceleration of
sparrow is:

Given:

Find:

Formula:
Average acceleration,
MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION IN 1-DIMENSION
  In several cases, such as the Earth’s gravitational field, the acceleration
may be constant (velocity changes at the same rate throughout the
motion).
 Free-fall motion is an example of a motion with constant acceleration
entirely under the influence of gravity.
 FREE-FALL – is an idealized model in which we neglect the effect of air
resistance, the earth’s rotation and the decrease of acceleration with
increasing altitude. It accelerates at a constant rate of .
EQUATION OF MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION IN 1-DIMENSION

Table 2.1: Equations of Motion with Constant Acceleration.

HORIZONTAL MOTION VERTICAL MOTION (FREE-FALL)

()
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY USING EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN 1-DIMENSION:

1. Read the problem very carefully and identify if it is in x-axis or

y-axis.
2. Identify the quantities that are given. Write them down.
3. Identify the equation to use. Write it down!!!
4. Ensure that all the values are in the correct units and fill them
in your equation.
5. Calculate the answer and check your units.
EXAMPLE 4 SOLUTION
An
  airplane starts at rest and accelerates  
down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until
is finally lifts off the ground. Determine the
distance traveled before takeoff.

Given:
-> since an airplane starts at REST

Find:

Formula:
EXAMPLE 5 SOLUTION
 A bike accelerates uniformly from  
rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a
distance of 35.4 m. Determine the
acceleration of the bike.

Given:
-> since a bike starts at REST

Find:

Formula:
EXAMPLE 6 SOLUTION
Melissa
  is riding the Giant Drop at  
Enchanted Kingdom, Laguna. If Melissa
free falls for 2.60 seconds, what will be her
final velocity and how far will she fall?

Given:  The negative sign indicates the

-> since initially Melissa is at rest before the direction of Melissa going down.
drop.

-> this is gravitational constant

Find:

Formula: Note that the motion is in y-axis.

EXAMPLE 7 SOLUTION
 a)
A
  girl flips a coin above a 50 m deep
wishing well. If she flips the coin upwards
with an initial velocity of 5 m/s:
a) How high does the coin rise?
b) How long does it take to get to this b)
point?
Given:

at the maximum height of the coin, it suddenly

stopped (means velocity is zero) before going
down.
-> this is gravitational constant
Find:

Formula: Note that the motion is in y-axis.

PROJECTILE MOTION
  Any body that is given an initial velocity, and follows a path entirely
determined by the effect of gravitational acceleration and by air
resistance.
 In describing the motion of the projectile, there is no acceleration in the
x-direction neglecting air resistance, i.e., , while the acceleration in the
y-direction is equal to the free-fall acceleration, , and its direction is
towards the center of the earth.

 𝒗 𝟏

 𝒗 𝟏
 𝒗 𝟏
 The path followed by the projectile is termed as trajectory.

  Maximum height,

 𝑯 𝒎𝒂𝒙

Range, R
COMPONENTS IN PROJECTILE MOTION
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
  𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 , 𝑯 𝒎𝒂𝒙
⃗𝒗  𝟐 𝒚 =𝟎

𝒗 𝒗𝟐
  𝟐 𝒙 ¿ ⃗
⃗
⃗𝒗  𝟐 𝒚 𝒗𝟐
 ⃗
𝒗
⃗
  𝟐𝒙
 𝜽𝟐 𝒂 ⃗ 𝒚 =− 𝒈  𝜽𝟐
𝒗
⃗
  𝟐𝒙 ⃗𝒗  𝟐 𝒚 𝒗𝟐
 ⃗
𝒂 ⃗ 𝒚 =− 𝒈  𝑯 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒂 ⃗ 𝒚 =− 𝒈
𝒗𝟏
⃗𝒗  𝟏 𝒚  ⃗
 𝜽𝟏 𝒗
⃗
  𝟐𝒙

𝒗
⃗
  𝟏𝒙 𝜽
  𝟐=−𝜽𝟏
⃗𝒗  𝟐 𝒚 =− ⃗𝒗𝟏 𝒚 ⃗𝒗
𝒂 ⃗ 𝒚 =− 𝒈   𝟐

Range, R
EQUATIONS IN PROJECTILE MOTION

Note: In all the calculations air resistance is neglected.

EXAMPLE 8
  football is kicked with an initial velocity of at an angle of 45-
A
degrees with the horizontal. Determine the (a) time of flight, (b) the
horizontal distance, and (c) the peak height of the football.

  Peak of height,

𝒗  𝟏 𝒚 =𝒗 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏
𝒎
 𝑦=?
𝒗  𝟏 =𝟐𝟓
𝒔
𝜽  𝟏=𝟒𝟓 °
𝒗  𝟏 𝒙 =𝒗 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟏
 𝑥=?
EXAMPLE 8 SOLUTION
A
  football is kicked with an initial velocity of  
a)
25 m/s at an angle of 45-degrees with the At the maximum height, , so,
horizontal. Determine the (a) time of flight,
(b) the horizontal distance, and (c) the peak
height of the football.
Given:

b)

Find:

Formula:
  c)
EXAMPLE 9 SOLUTION
Suppose the ball rolls down the tabletop. It  
 
has an initial horizontal velocity of 7 m/s as
it leaves the tabletop from a height of 1.5
meters. How long does it take the ball to hit
the ground?
Given:
We
  write instead of because the
problem states the word “Horizontal”.

Since initially rolls horizontally.

  =𝟕 𝒎
𝒗
Find: 𝟏𝒙
𝒔

Formula:  𝒚 𝟏=𝟏 .𝟓 𝒎

 𝒚 𝟐=𝟎
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

  Uniform circular motion of an object occurs in a circular path at constant

magnitude of the velocity, .
 However, the direction changes constantly at any point along the circular
path.

One of the applications of uniform circular motion is the

rotation of the earth in its own axis and its revolution
around the sun.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
  Centripetal acceleration, :  is directed radially toward the center of the circle and has a
magnitude equal to the square of the body's speed along the curve divided by the distance
from the center of the circle to the moving body.
 Tangential acceleration, : is a measure of how quickly a tangential velocity changes. It
always acts perpendicular to the centripetal acceleration of a rotating object.

  Linear Speed:  
where is the
radius of the
𝑎
  𝑇 𝑎
  𝑇 circular path and
is the period or
time.
𝑎
  𝐶
  Radial or Centripetal Acceleration:
𝑎
  𝐶
𝑎
  𝐶 𝑎
  𝑇
𝑎
  𝑇
𝑎
  𝐶 𝑎
  𝐶
𝑎
  𝐶

𝑎
  𝑇 𝑎
  𝑇
  Tangential Acceleration:
EXAMPLE 10 SOLUTION
  900-kg car moving at 10 m/s
A  
takes a turn around a circle with a
radius of 25.0 m. Determine the
acceleration of the car.
Given:

Find:

Formula:
We will use the radial acceleration
formula.
 ASSESSMENT
 Good day my dear students. This assessment was made to test whether you
understand or not the topics/lessons presented here.
 Assessment problems are on the next page.
 Write your answers and solutions on a plane white paper.
 Take a picture of your answers and solutions. Or if you can type or encode
your solutions, it might do as well.
 Send it to the following google links below:
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 Filename Format: Last Name, First Name. Ex. Montalban, Cariel
 Deadline of submission: On or before March 3, 2021, Wednesday, 12mn.
 Always stay healthy and safe!
 PROBLEMS
1. A car travels 75 kilometers to the east in 3 hours and returns back 50 kilometers
to the west in 2 hours. (a) What is the total distance travelled by the car? (b) What
is the displacement? (c) What is the average speed of the car? (d) What is the
average velocity of the car?
2. Motorcycles run down an expressway at 35 m/s. Civil engineers are designing
an off-ramp in an interchange with a deceleration of −3.0 m/s2 that lasts 4.0 s.
(a) What velocity will motorcycles have at the end of the off-ramp?
(b) What minimum length should the ramp have?
3. A spherical object is launched at a velocity of 25 m/s in a direction making an
angle of 35° upward with the horizontal.
(a) What is the maximum height reached by the object?
(b) What is the total flight time (between launch the maximum height) of the object?
(c) What is the horizontal range (maximum x above ground) of the object?
4. The tallest Ferris wheel in the world is located in Singapore. Standing 42 stories
high and holding as many as 780 passengers, the Ferris wheel has a diameter of
150 meters and takes approximately 30 minutes to make a full circle. Determine
the speed of riders in m/s on the Singapore Flyer.