Revision Presentation for

Final Test 2021

Aliya Hasanzada
For year 10 groups
Terminology for the study of rivers
•Drainage basin - the area of land drained by a river
•Catchment area - the area within the drainage basin
•Watershed - the edge of highland surrounding a drainage
basin and it marks the boundary between two drainage basins
•Source - the beginning or start of a river
•Confluence - the point at which two rivers or streams join
•Tributary - a stream or smaller river which joins a larger
stream or river
•Mouth - the point where the river comes to the end, usually
when entering a sea
 Processes of erosion
• Hydraulic Action - The sheer force of the
water hitting the banks of the river
• Attrition - Particles being carried
downstream knock against each other,
wearing each other down. This results in
smaller, rounder particles as you move
downstream
• Corrasion -fine materials rubs against the
river bank. The bank is worn away, by a
sand-papering action called abrasion, and
collapses.
• Solution// Corrosion - Some minerals
(particularly in limestone areas) dissolve
easily in water and are not visible to the
naked eye
solution
What is a meander?

… this is what a cross section

through a meander looks like
 • If there is a water-resistant layer in
the upper part of the Earth's crust,
the rainwater will accumulate in the
above-ground cavities.
• This water, which is located on the
first water-resistant layer, are called
groundwater.
• İt comes to the surface while drilling
wells. Groundwater forms a spring
in the depression and lowland areas
- where river valleys, slopes, ravines,
mountains and plains meet.
• Groundwater is drinkable and
mineralized by its composition.
Many salts and gases dissolve in
mineral waters. They are often used
for medical purposes. There is a
diversity of groundwater

Groundwater distribution.
• Aquifers are underground layers of rock that are saturated with water that
can be brought to the surface through natural springs or by pumping.

• The groundwater contained in aquifers is one of the most important sources

of water on Earth: About 30 percent of our liquid freshwater is groundwater,
according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 

• Groundwater can be found in a range of different types of rock, but the most

productive aquifers are found in porous, permeable rock such as sandstone,
or the open cavities and caves of limestone aquifers. Groundwater moves
more readily through these materials, which allows for faster pumping and
other methods of extracting the water. Aquifers can also be found in regions
where the rock is made of denser material — such as granite or basalt — if
that rock has cracks and fractures.
Nutrient recycling
• Animals and plants need nutrients.
• Nutrients come from the weathering
of rocks. They are taken through
roots of plants and transferred to
animals through the food chain.
• When the plants or animals die, they
rot away and decompose due to the
action of fungi and bacteria.
• This releases the nutrients which are
returned to the soil ready to be used
again.
What are the characteristics of Tropical
Rainforest?
• Tropical rainforest is the natural vegetation of places that have an
equatorial climate. It provides the most luxuriant vegetation found on
Earth.
• Over one-third of the world’s trees grow here. There are thousands of
different species with many yet to be identified and studied. As with all
types of vegetation, the trees in the rainforest have had to adapt to the
local environment: constantly high temperatures and heavy rainfall and
all year –round growing season.
• Different plants also survive in their own microclimate, perhaps as an
emergent needing to reach the sunlight, perhaps as a shade-lover on the
forest floor. Each plant plays an important role in the forest ecosystem.
What are characteristics of savanna grassland
vegetation?
• The savanna grassland, which often includes scattered trees, is the
natural vegetation of places with a tropical continental climate.
• The vegetation forms a transition between the tropical rainforest and
the hot deserts. As with all types of natural vegetation, the plants
growing here have had to adapt to the local environment: a very warm
climate which has a pronounced wet season, though the rainfall is
often unreliable, followed by a very long dry season.

• Pay attention to the detail on the picture in the next slide!!

Baobab tree
• The thick bark of the baobab tree acts as a protection against fires.
• Recently many parts of the savanna grasslands, especially in Africa, which are
near to the desert margins, have suffered from drought and desertification.
• The unreliable rainfall has caused vegetation to die. With
insufficient grass for the large herds of wild and domestic grazing
animals, the area suffers from overgrazing. As the human
population increases, former nomadic tribes, like Maasai in
Kenya, find their traditional grazing grounds reduced in size as the
land is settled permanently or is used to grow crops. This adds to
overgrazing in the areas to which they are restricted.
 The tundra biome
• Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless
plain. It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor
nutrients, and short growing seasons. 
• Characteristics of tundra include:
• Extremely cold climate
• Low biotic diversity
• Simple vegetation structure
• Limitation of drainage
• Short season of growth and reproduction
• Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material
• Tundra is separated into two types:
• Arctic tundra
• Alpine tundra
Arctic tundra
• Arctic tundra is located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous
forests of the taiga. The arctic is known for its cold, desert-like conditions. The growing season ranges from 50 to 60
days. The average winter temperature is -34° C (-30° F), but the average summer temperature is 3-12° C (37-54° F) which
enables this biome to sustain life. Rainfall may vary in different regions of the arctic. Yearly precipitation, including melting
snow, is 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches). Soil is formed slowly. A layer of permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost exists,
consisting mostly of gravel and finer material.
• When water saturates the upper surface, bogs and ponds may form, providing moisture for plants. There are no deep
root systems in the vegetation of the arctic tundra, however, there are still a wide variety of plants that are able to resist
the cold climate. There are about 1,700 kinds of plants in the arctic and subarctic, and these include:
• All of the plants are adapted to sweeping winds and disturbances of the soil.
• Plants are short and group together to resist the cold temperatures and are protected by the snow during the winter.
• They can carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low light intensities.
• The growing seasons are short and most plants reproduce by budding and division rather than sexually by flowering.
• Animals are adapted to handle long, cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the summer. Animals such as
mammals and birds also have additional insulation from fat. Many animals hibernate during the winter because food is not
abundant. Another alternative is to migrate south in the winter, like birds do. Reptiles and amphibians are few or absent
because of the extremely cold temperatures. Because of constant immigration and emigration, the population continually
oscillates.
Climate types of Azerbaijan

Semi-desert and arid steppe climate with mild winters.

Semi-desert and dry steppe climate with cold winters.
Mild-hot climate with dry winters
Mild-hot climate with dry summers.
Mild-warm climate with even distribution of precipitation
Cold climate with dry summers.
Cold climate with dry winters.
Cold climate with abundant humidity in all seasons.
Mountain-tundra climate.
Biomes
The physical geographic regions of
Azerbaijan
• Any country consists of areas that differ from each other due to geographical
features or are similar. These areas are grouped according to the similarity of
climate, relief, geological structure, natural ecosystems and are divided into
special territorial units - districts.
• This is called physical-geographical zoning. Zoning is carried out on the following
units: country, province, semi-province, district. These subdivisions are territories
that are not related to the political-administrative division and are located within
certain natural boundaries.
• The territory of Azerbaijan is divided by 5 physical-geographical regions: Greater
Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus, Kura depression , Lankaran and Nakhchivan (Central
Araz).
 Greater Caucasus Region:
• Greater Caucasus Region: Covers the
north-eastern part of Azerbaijan. This
region rises from the shores of the
Caspian Sea to the peak of Bazarduzu
with an absolute height of 4466 m. The
main part is occupied by the Main
Caucasus Range. The region has rich
mineral deposits (oil, natural gas, shale,
polymetal, etc.) and mineral water
sources. Mesozoic rocks are widespread
in the high and middle mountainous
areas, and Cenozoic rocks in the
lowlands and plains. The southern and
south-eastern part of the Greater
Caucasus belongs to the 8-9 magnitude
earthquake zone. Most mud volcanoes
are in this region.
• Kura Depression :
• The Kura depression region covers an
expansion zone between the Greater and
Lesser Caucasus Mountains, from the
Ajinohur-Jeyranchol lowlands (1,100 m)
to the Caspian coast (–27 m). The relief
and tectonic structure of the region is
very simple. The area consists mainly of
smooth plains. The surface is covered
with Cenozoic IV period sediments, and
Neogene rocks are spread in the Ajinohur-
Jeyranchol lowlands. River inflows are
predominant in the west and sea
sediments in the east. and so on.
the Greater Caucasus
• In the Greater Caucasus natural region, all climate types are spread from the plains to the highlands, from the semi-
arid steppe to the mountain-tundra (Alphine tundra) climate. The average annual temperature varies between + 14
° C and 0 ° C, and the average annual precipitation varies between 100 mm and 1600 mm.
• The Greater Caucasus has a denser river network. Most of the rivers take their sources from the Greater Caucasus
and Side Range flow directly into the Kura River and the Caspian Sea. In the plains, mainly salty lakes, and in the
mountainous areas, freshwater lakes are widespread. In the Greater Caucasus Mountains, land, vegetation, wildlife,
and natural biomes are distributed across altitudes. Semi-desert and dry steppe biomes prevail in the plains, and
mountainous biomes in the highlands.
• Gray, gray-brown soils in the semi-deserts, plain forest-meadow lands soils in the north of the Samur-Davachi
lowland are spread. Black, chestnut, mountain-meadow, brown and brown mountain-forest soils are formed in the
mountainous areas. The rich natural conditions and resources of the Greater Caucasus allow the creation of various
economic sectors here.
• From Nabran to Absheron, the beautiful golden-sandy shores of the Caspian Sea and sunny beaches are the main
health and recreation areas of Azerbaijan. There are large tourist bases in Absheron, Nabran, Gabala, Sheki and
Zagatala. Galaalti, Shikh mineral springs are of great therapeutic value.
• The Greater Caucasus region is divided into 5 physical-geographical districts: Samur-Davachi, Gonagkend, Zagatala-
Lahij, Mountainous Shirvan and Gobustan-Absheron.
• The main climate type of the region is semi-desert and arid steppe climate with mild winters. The Ganikh-Ayrichay
valley is dominated by temperate-hot climate with dry winters. Most of the precipitation falls in this area (up to
1000 mm). The average annual temperature in the Kura Basin is + 14.5 ° C, the average annual precipitation is 200-
400 mm, the evaporation capacity is 1200 mm, and the humidity coefficient is 0.3.
• The river network is sparse in the province. The main rivers are the Kura, the Araz and their tributaries. There are
many artesian and mineralized groundwater in the area. Water reservoirs and canals have been created for
irrigation. The main lakes are Sarisu, Hajigabul, Aggol, Mehmangol, Candargol. Lake Acinohur is of tectonic origin.
• Gray, gray-brown, gray-meadow, light-chestnut, saline and saline soils are spread in the Kura valley. On these soils,
semi-desert and dry steppes grow wormwood, wormwood, ephemeral (drought-resistant grasses). Semi-desert,
dry steppe and intrazonal landscapes are spread in the region.
• People have been mastering these lands since ancient times. Autumn grain growing (Kudru-Shirvan, Central Aran,
Gazakh-Karabakh), viticulture, cotton growing, dry subtropical crop growing developed on irrigated lands.
• The area of forest has sharply decreased due to deforestation of tugai forests along the Kura. These forests are
protected in the Karayazi reserve. The Sultanbud forest consisting of gum trees is protected in the Karabakh plain,
and the Eldar pine forests are protected in the Eldar hollow in Jeyranchol. The proximity of groundwater to the
surface in the Ganikh-Ayrichay River has led to the formation of plain forests.
• A number of measures are taken to effectively use the landscapes of the natural region and its resources, to solve
environmental problems. Such measures include clearing saline soils of salts, construction of new irrigation
canals in arid areas, restoration of tugai forests, etc.
• The Kura basin is divided into 6 physical-geographical regions: Ganikh-Ayrichay, Acinohur-Jeyranchol, Kudri
Shirvan, Central Aran, Gazakh-Karabakh and Arazboyu.
•  
Lesser Caucasus Region:
Lesser Caucasus Province covers the southeastern part
of the Lesser Caucasus Mountain System. The highest
peak of the area is Gamishdag (3724m) located in the
Murovdagh range. The lowest point is in the Zangilan
region on the Araz coast (300 m). The Murovdagh
range, which stretches in the latitudinal direction,
divides the region into north-eastern and south-
eastern parts. Shahdag stretches from Murovdag to
the north-west, East Goycha to the south-west, and
the Karabakh range to the south. The Karabakh
volcanic plateau is located to the west of the Karabakh
range. High peaks of extinct volcanoes are found on
the plateau.
Lesser Caucasus, Relief
• Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and partly Paleozoic (Asrikchay basin) rocks are
widespread in the region. The Karabakh volcanic plateau/highland is
especially rich in extinct volcanoes. The highest of these volcanoes
are the Boyuk Ishikli and Qizilbogaz. Due to the widespread
distribution of volcanic and effusive rocks, the region is rich in ore
minerals - alunite, iron ore, gold, Mehmana polymetallic deposit and
mineral springs - Istisu, Turshsu, Shirlan, Minkend springs. One of
the oldest rocks in Azerbaijan is in the Asrikchay basin of Tovuz region.
These Paleozoic rocks are 400-450 million years old. years. Strong
earthquakes (7-8 points) occur around Ganja.
• Lakes-Boyuk and Kichik Alagol, Garagol, Goygol, Maralgol and others. There is
no salty lake in the province.
• Seismology-The Lesser Caucasus is a seismically active region - 9 points (for
example, as a result of the Ganja earthquake in 1139, Maralgol, Goygol, etc.
were formed, but the city of Ganja was completely destroyed).
• River network-The area has a dense river network. All rivers are the right
tributaries of the Kura River and the left tributaries of the Araz River. The
rivers are fed by rain, snow and groundwater. Rivers water are used for
irrigation.
• The Lesser Caucasus region is divided into the following 4 physical-geographical
regions:
• 1. Ganja region - borders with Armenia;
• 2. The Karabakh Mountains region is the border of Armenia.
• 3. The Karabakh volcanic plateau region is the border with Armenia.
• 4. Hakari region - borders with Armenia and Iran.
 Middle Araz /Nakhchivan
• Middle Araz natural region covers the territory of
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR). The natural
region is divided into Sharur-Ordubad and Gunnut-
Gapijig physical-geographical regions.

• Nakhchivan natural region, located on the south-

western edge of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range,
is bordered by the Araz River in the south and the
watershed of the Zangazur and Daralayaz ranges in the
north. The absolute height of the area varies between
600m (Araz river valley) and 3904m (Gapichig peak).
• Two-thirds of the area is occupied by mountains with
a height of more than 1000 m, and one-third by the
plains along the Araz (Sadarak, Sharur, Boyukduz,
Kangarli, Nakhchivan, Julfa, Yayici, Gulustan, Desta,
Ordubad, etc.).
Natural resources
• Numerous deposits and manifestations of minerals have been
discovered like, gold, mercury, cobalt, bauxite, rock salt, product
stones (pink dolomite, jasmine, agate, chalcedony, amethyst)
construction materials (travertine, marble, cement raw materials,
etc.), mineral waters, metallic and non-metallic mineral resources.
• One of the most important resources of Nakhchivan AR is its mineral
waters. In terms of the diversity and number of their composition, the
republic is considered one of the richest regions in the world. There
are 6 types, 16 classes and 33 types of mineral waters of Nakhchivan.
Sirab, Qahab, Vaykhir, Jahri and Gizilvang, Badamli, Daridagh
mineral waters are popular enough.
• Vegetation-As a result of the centuries-old dry continental climate, a
unique xerophytic vegetation was formed in the territory of Nakhchivan
natural region. Xerophytic plant groups spread from the plains to the
highlands. However, in the highlands, alpine meadows containing
xerophytic species are also found.
• Inland waters-The rivers of Nakhchivan AR are the left tributaries of the
Araz and are typical mountain rivers and have their origins (except for the
Arpa and Chanakhchi rivers) on the slopes of the Daralayaz and Zangazur
ranges. There are about 400 small rivers in Nakhchivan. The largest of
these are the Arpa, Nakhchivan, Alinja, Gilan and Ordubad rivers. The
main food of rivers is snow, groundwater and rainwater. Significant
inequality is observed in the distribution of river flow throughout the
year.nd.
 Lenkeran/Talish physical-geographical region
• Talysh physical-geographical region is located in the south-
eastern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan and is bordered on
the east, north-east by the Lankaran lowland, on the south,
west and north-west by the territory of the Republic of Iran.
The absolute height of the relief varies from 200 m to 2440
m. Here, the Talysh-Peshtasar and Burovar ranges and the
depressions between them (Yardimli, Zuvand, etc.), which
run parallel to each other in the submeradian direction
near the shores of the Caspian Sea, play an important
climatic role by complicating the internal structure of the
relief. In the low and middle mountainous part of the region,
broad-leaved mountain forests have developed. In these
forests, especially in the lowlands, hirkan-relict tree species
(chestnut-leaved oak, ironwood, azat, silk acacia, etc.) have
developed.
• Bolgarchay, Astarachay, Tengerud, Vilashchay,
Lankaranchay-are the biggest rivers of the region.
Rivers flowing from the north-east of the • Samur, Gusarchay, Gudyalchay, Garachay, Valvalachay, Gilgilchay,
Greater Caucasus Shabranchay, Atachay
• Pirsaatchay, Jeyrankechmez, Sumgayitchay, Sitalchay
Absheron-Gobustan rivers

• Bolgarchay, Astarachay, Tengerud, Vilashchay, Lankaranchay

Rivers of the Talysh mountains

Left tributaries of the Kura (Ganikh- • Mazimchay, Balakanchay, Katexchay, Mukhaxchay (Karachay),
Ayrichay rivers) Kurmukchay, Kishchay, Shinchay, Ganikh, Gabirri, Ayrichay
Left tributaries of the Kura (Shirvan • Alijanchay, Turyanchay, Goychay, Girdimanchay, Agsuchay
rivers)
Right tributaries of the Kura (northeast • Agstafachay, Tovuzchay, Hasansu, Zayamchay, Shamkirchay,
of the Lesser Caucasus) Goshgarchay, Ganjachay, Kurekchay, Injachay, Garachay
Right tributaries of the Kura (south-east • Tartarchay, Gargarchay, Khachinchay
of the Lesser Caucasus)
Left tributaries of Araz (south-east of • Kondalanchay, Guruchay, Hakari, Bargushad (Bazarchay), Oxchuchay,
Lesser Caucasus) Basitchay
Left tributaries of Araz (Nakhchivan • Ordubadchay, Paragachay, Gilanchay, Alinjachay, Nakhchivanchay,
rivers) Arpachay
Rivers
State reserves,
national parks,
sanctuaries
How many subjects have we covered in such
a short period of time, guys? 
• I think that is enough 
• Hope it would be helpful for your quick revision.
• Good luck!