Teaching Methodology & Community

Medicine
Course Guidelines
The course is organized to introduce the concept of
health care and management issues in Health Services.
It will help you in assuming a leadership role in your
profession and assume the responsibility of guidance.
It will help you assume wider responsibilities at all
levels of health services.
It will help you in improving your performance
through better understanding of the total function of
the institution.
Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social
and spiritual well being and not merely the absence of
disease; declares the World Health Organization
(WHO).
 History of Health Care

Beliefs and Developments

Beliefs about health care from ancient to current times
Change in treatment of patients from ancient to current
times
Major historical events from ancient to current century

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 Future of Health Care
When did most of the significant changes in health
care occur?
Why were the greatest advances made in this time
period?
What are some possibilities for the future of health
care?

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 Summary
Health care has seen many changes
over the centuries
Future changes may be even
more dramatic

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 Types of Services
Inpatient services
(e.g., hospitals, long-term care)
Outpatient services
(e.g., clinics, provider offices)
Specialty services
(e.g., laboratories, mental health)

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Health Care Facilities
Hospitals
Long-term care facilities
Medical offices
Dental offices
Clinics
Optical centers
Emergency care services
Health Care Facilities (continued)
Laboratories
Home health care
sanatorium agencies
Mental health facilities
Rehabilitation facilities
Health Care Facilities (continued)
 occupational health clinics
School health services
Government agencies
Voluntary and nonprofit agencies
Summary
Many different types of health care facilities
Employ many types of health care workers
Important to be aware of facilities and
type of services
Organizational Structure
Line of authority or chain of command
Indicates areas of responsibility
Goal: most efficient operation of facility
Complex or simple structure determined by size and
needs of organization
Sample organizational charts
Trends in Health Care
Changes in Health Care
Many events lead to changes in health care
Changes in health care are inevitable and occur rapidly
Health care workers must be flexible
to face and keep pace with
the rapid changes
 Some Current Issues
Cost containment
Home health care
Geriatric care
Telemedicine
Wellness
Alternative and complementary
health care
National health care plans

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Cost Containment
Purpose: control the rising cost of health care and
achieve maximum benefit for every penny spent.
Necessity: costs increasing with technological
advances, improved survival rates, aging population.
Cost Containment Methods
Diagnostic related groups (DRGs)
Outpatient services
Mass or bulk purchasing
Early intervention and preventive services
 Cost Containment Issues

Important not to decrease quality of care

Workers can decrease costs (e.g., look for areas to control
costs and avoid waste, keep expenditures down)
Consumers can decrease costs (e.g., take responsibility for
their own care, follow preventative measures to decrease
need for services, use services appropriately)

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 Home Health Care
Services provided in patient’s home
Often necessary to teach family members to perform
care since visits are limited
Emphasis on cost containment also applies to Home
Health

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Geriatric Care
Care for the elderly
Percentage of elderly population
growing rapidly
Need for more facilities
 Telemedicine
Use of audio, video, and computers to provide health
care from a distance
Interactive services are expected to grow rapidly in the
future
Increases accessibility to specialty information
Decreases need for trip to medical center
Decreases need for Home Health visits

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 Wellness
State of optimal health.
Increase awareness of maintaining health and
preventing disease.
Emphasis on preventative measures rather than waiting
for need for curative intervention.

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 Promoting Wellness
Physical wellness
Emotional wellness
Social wellness
Mental and intellectual wellness
Spiritual wellness

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 Holistic Health
Treat the whole body, mind, and spirit
Each person is unique with different needs
Use many methods of diagnosis
and treatment
Emphasis on protection and restoration
Promote body’s natural healing processes

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 Alternative and Complementary
Methods of Treatment
Increasingly used to replace or supplement traditional
medical treatment
Holistic approach: belief that the effect on one part
effects the whole person
Based on belief that the person has a life force or
energy that can be used in the healing process
May vary by cultural values or beliefs

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 Types of Practitioners
Ayurvedic
Chinese medicine
Chiropractors
Homeopaths
Hypnotists
Physical therapist
Occupational therapist

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 Types of Therapies
Most are noninvasive and holistic

Increased use requires increased awareness by health

care workers

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Essential Public Health Services
Included representatives
from national organizations
and federal agencies
Charge: To provide a
description and definition of
public health
Purpose of Public Health
 Prevents epidemics and the spread of disease
 Protects against environmental hazards
 Prevents injuries
 Promotes and encourages healthy behaviors
 Responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery
 Assures the quality and accessibility of health services
Essential Services of Public Health
• Monitor health status • Enforce laws and
• Diagnose and investigate regulations
• Inform, educate, and • Link people to needed
empower services / assure care
• Mobilize community • Assure a competent
partnerships workforce
• Develop policies and • Evaluate health services
plans • Research
Monitor Health to Identify
and Solve
Community Health Problems
Accurate, periodic assessment of the community’s health
status, including:
Identification of health risks
Attention to vital statistics and disparities
Identifications of assets and resources
Utilization of methods and technology to interpret and
communicate data
Population health registries
Diagnose and Investigate Health
Problems and Hazards in the
Community
 Timely identification and
investigation of health threats
 Availability of diagnostic services,
including laboratory capacity
 Response plans to address major
health threats
Inform, Educate, and Empower
People About Health Issues
 Initiatives using health education and
communication sciences to:
 Build knowledge and shape attitudes
 Inform decision-making choice
 Health education and health promotion partnerships
within the community to support healthy living
 Media advocacy and social marketing
Develop Policies and Plans
That Support Individual and
Community Health Efforts
 Policy development to protect
health and guide public health
practice
 Community and state
planning
 Alignment of resources to
assure successful planning
Enforce Laws and Regulations
That Protect Health and
Ensure Safety
 Review, evaluation, and revision of legal
authority, laws, and regulations
 Education about laws and regulations
 Advocating of regulations needed to
protect and promote health
 Support of compliance efforts and
enforcement as needed
Evaluate Effectiveness, Accessibility, and
Quality of Personal and
Population-based Health Services

 Evaluation answers
 Are we doing the right things?
 Evaluation must be ongoing and should examine:
 Personal health services
 Population based services
 The public health system
 Evaluation should drive resource allocation and program improvement
Research for New Insights
and Innovative Solutions to
Health Problems
 Identification and monitoring of
innovative solutions and cutting-edge
research to advance public health
 Linkages between public health practice
and academic / research settings
 Health policy analyses and health systems
research.
Private Health Services
To support the development of an enhanced and
coordinated private health sector response through the
strengthening of partnerships and collaboration
between private sector health entities, and the public
components of the health sector.
 Objectives

• To provide for information sharing and networking for

capacity development for private health sector;
• To enhance partnership between private sector health
entities and public components of the health sector;
• To strengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Health to
coordinate and facilitate an enhanced private health
sector response;
Scientific Health Services
Health science or biomedical science is the applied
science dealing with health.
There are two approaches to health science: the study
and research of the food that we eat; and the study and
research of health-related issues to understand how
humans and other animals function, and the
application of that knowledge to improve health and to
prevent and cure diseases.
Health research builds upon the natural sciences of
biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of
multidisciplinary fields. Some of the other primarily
research-oriented fields that make contributions to
health science are biochemistry, genetics, and
pharmacology.
 Numerous number of applied health specializations
and professions also try to better understand health, but
in addition they try to directly improve the health of
individuals and of people in general. Some of these
are: biomedical engineering, biotechnology, clinical
laboratory science, medicine, nursing, nutrition,
pharmacy, public health, psychology, and physical
therapy. The provision of services to improve people's
health is referred to as health care.
Traditional Health Services
Traditional health services refers to the application of
knowledge, skills, and practices based on the
experiences local to different cultures.
These services are directed towards the maintenance of
health, as well as the prevention, diagnosis, and
improvement of physical and mental illness. Examples
of traditional health service providers include
herbalists, faith healers, and practitioners of Chinese or
Ayurvedic medicine.
 In contrast, allopathic service providers are those
trained in western medicine.
 Thank you
Together, we can make a difference!