Text Books

Text Book: “Modern Database

Management”, Fred McFadden, Jeffrey
Hoffer, Benjamin/Cummings 
Reference Books:
“Database Systems Principles, Design and
Implementation” by Catherine Ricardo, Maxwell
Macmillan.
  “Database Management Systems”, Raghu
Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke, McGraw-Hill
 Lecture Agenda….
Objective of Course
Importance of Studying DBMS
Defining
Data
Database
Data Model
Database Management System (DBMS)
DBA
Roles in Database
 Database Systems
What we do in this subject?
Learn how to design and
automate (Implement)
organizational data for efficient use
 Data
Raw facts that has some meaning in
user environment
Data could be of type:
Structured : Numerical, text,
Unstructured : graphic, maps,
images, sound and video segments
 Data & Information
Stored representations of objects and
events that have meaning and
importance in the user’s
environment.
Information: Data that have been
processed in such a way as to increase
the knowledge of the person who uses
the data
Data & Information
 Database
Database is a centralized, and
organized collection of some logically
related organizational data
In database, data is organized using
some Data Model
 Data Model
Data Model is collection of concepts
and theories used to organize data
Common data models are
Network,
Relational,
Object Oriented ,
Object Relational etc.
In short, we use some data model to
organize data or build database
 DBMS
We use DBMS to communicate with
Database
Database management system is a
software program used to control,
accesses, update and create database
etc.
Common RDBMS are Oracle, SQL
Server, MySql ,Access, Sybase etc.
 User 1

Applicant
Data Database User 2
Student Management
Data System
Course
Data Online User
Faculty
data
Application
Database
 DBA
Database administrator is the person
responsible for analyzing ,
designing ,implementing and
maintaining database
 Roles (Users) in DBMS
Environment
Many individuals and groups are
involved in the operations to
database
Generally, we could categorize them
into three type of users according to
their role
1. End users
2. Application Programmers
3. Database Administrators
 End User Application
DBA
Programmer
Naive Casual

Programs in C++, Commands that

Prewritten Online Query Pascal Create and modify
Program Language Database
structure

SQL SQL SQL SQL

Database Management System

Database
 End Users
The database is designed, created and
maintained to serve the information
needs of End Users
Casual Users are trained to use the
query languages
Naïve users access the data through
application program that are written for
them
 Application Programmer
This group include the programmers
who write application for others
Each program that access the
database contain SQL for data
management system
 Database Administrator
Person or group responsible for
designing, creating and
maintaining database
Control accesses of information about
data
 Introduction to course
Basic Database concepts

Conceptual database design

Logical database design

Implementation of database

Advanced topics
Importance of Studying DBMS
Core subject of Computer Science
Able to analyze and design database
Work as a DBA
Could appear in certification
FILE PROCESS SYSTEMS
VRS.
DATABASE TECHNOLOGY
 File Processing Systems
Computer store, manipulate and
retrieve large files of data
Typically each department has its own
set of applications and files, designed
specifically for those applications
Still widely used method
 File Processing System
#include<fstream>
#include<stdlib>
int main(){
ifstream hFile("File.txt",ios::in);
if(!hFile){
cerr<<"File cannot open";
exit(1); }
int account;
char name[30];
float balance;
cout<<"Account\t"<<"Name\t"<<"Balance\n";
while(!hFile.eof()){
hFile>>account>>name>>balance;
cout<<account<<"\t"<<name<<"\t"<<balance<<endl;
}
getch();
return 0;
}
 Files University Environment
Output
Programs (Software)
Student Applied
Merit calculation Merit List
Program
Course Data
Student Scheduling
Class List
Dean Faculty
Data Faculty Scheduling Final Faculty
Schedule
Faculty Payroll Payroll
data Pay Checks
 Limitations
Program-Data Dependence
File Descriptions are stored within each
application program
Any change to the file structure requires
changes to all programs that access the
file
 Limitations
Duplication of Data
Unplanned data files cause lot of
duplicate data
This duplication requires additional
storage space and effort to keep all
files up to date
Duplication of data is called data
redundancy
 Limitations
Limited Sharing
Each application has its own private file
This cause limited sharing of data
outside their own application
Cause a lot of problems for
managerial decisions
 Limitations
Lengthy Development Times
Little opportunity to leverage previous
development effort
Each new file requires developers start
from scratch
Excessive Program Maintenance
 Database Approach
Database approach emphasizes the
integration and sharing of data
throughout the organization
 University Environment
Database Programs Output
Merit calculation Merit List
Program
Student Applied

Course Data Student Scheduling

Class List
Dean Faculty DBMS
Data
Faculty Scheduling Final Faculty
Schedule
Dean Faculty
Data
Faculty Payroll Payroll
Pay Checks
data
 Database Systems File Processing Systems
Files
Output

Programs
Programs Output
atabase
Student Applied

Merit Merit calculation Merit List

Program
calculation Merit List
Program
tudent Applied Course Data

Student Student Scheduling

Course Data Scheduling
Class List Class List

Dean Faculty DBMS

Data Dean Faculty
Faculty Data
Final Faculty Faculty Scheduling Final Faculty
Dean Faculty Scheduling
Schedule Schedule
Data
aculty Payroll
data Payroll Faculty Payroll Payroll
Pay Checks data Pay Checks
 Advantages
Program-Data Independence
The separation of data description
from the application program is
called data independence
Organization's data to change and
evolve without changing the
application program
 Advantages
Minimal Data Redundancy
Design goal of database is separate files
are integrated into a single logical
structure
Each primary fact is recorded, in only
one place in database
Cascade Update is performed if there
is minimal redundancy
 Advantages
Improved data Sharing
A database is designed as a shared
corporate resource
Authorized users are granted permission to
use the database
User views are created for this purpose
A logical description of some portion of the
database
 Advantages
Rapid Application Development
Database reduce the cost and time for
application development
Programmer can concentrate only on
the logic of program
DBMS provides number of high-level
tools such as forms and report
generators
 Advantages
Enforcement of standards
Improve Data Quality
Improved Data Accessibility and
Responsiveness
Reduced Program Maintenance
 Costs of DBMS
New specialized Personnel
Installation and Management Cost
Hardware Cost
Conversion Cost
Need for explicit backup and recovery
 Meta-Data
Descriptions of the properties or
characteristics of the data, including
data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context
Simply speaking: “ Data about Data”
Meta-Data
Meta-Data
EVOLUTION OF DATABASE
TECHNOLOGY
Evolution Of Databases
Greater independence between programs
and data
Manage increasingly complex data types
and structures
The desire to provide easier and faster
access to data for users
The need to provide ever more powerful
platforms for decision support applications
 Evolution Of Databases
1960s
Files processing system remain dominant in
this decade
First database system developed during this
1970s
Hierarchical and Network
Commercial use of DBMS
Relational Model was first defined by E.F
Codd
 Evolution Of Databases
1980s
Relational model was famous and
widely in use(2nd generation of DBMS)
Beginning of SQL(Structure Query
Language)
1990
Common use of different types of data
like graphics, sound, images, and video
 Evolution Of Databases
Relational and object-oriented
databases are of great importance
today
Some vendors are developing combined
databases(object-relational)
2000 and Beyond
Data-mining and Distributed DBMS
Data Warehousing and Mining
Evolution Of Databases
Evolution Of Databases
Evolution Of Databases
Evolution Of Databases
Homework (Book Reading)
Basic Definitions (Page 1-7)
File Processing Systems Vs.
Databases ( Page 8-16)
Evolution of DBMS ( Page 21-24)
3-LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF
DATABASE SYSTEMS
 Three Level Architecture

External Schema 1 External Schema 2 External Schema 3

Conceptual Schema

Physical Schema
 Conceptual Schema
Sometimes called Logical Schema
Define the stored data in terms of
data model
RDBMS describe all relations(Tables)
that are stored on computer
 Conceptual Schema
In University environment we may have
tables of:
Students(sid,name,login,age,gpa),
Faculty(fid,fname,sal)
Courses(cid,cname,credits),
Rooms(rno,address,capacity)
Arriving at a good conceptual schema is
called conceptual database design
 Physical Schema
Physical Schema define the storage
details
Data is stored on computer in the form
of 0 and 1
Data Structures and indexes are use
at this level
 External Schema
External view for the end users of Database is
called external schema
Sometimes generated in terms of Data
Model
DBMS have to process one or more
relations(Tables) to generate external views
Consider the query in university environment:
Who is teaching algorithms to Ali?
 Data Independence
In conventional system we must know
following :
1. What is the format of data?
2. Where is it located?
3. How is it accessed?
Use of data without its representation
details is called data independence
 Data Independence
Changes made in the storage of data
access methods should not effect the
external model
Changes made to the conceptual
model should not effect the external
model
 Data Independence
Two levels of data independence which we
have to achieve:
Level 1:Physical Data Independence
Change made in the storage of data access
methods should not effect the external
model
Level 2: Logical Data Independence
Changes made to the conceptual model
should not effect the external model