ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

CHAPTER : THREE PHASE SYSTEM

EET 208 ELECTRICAL POWER TECHNOLOGY 1

 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
• The basic mathematical
format for the sinusoidal
waveform is:

where:
Am is the peak value of
the waveform
α is the unit of measure
for the horizontal axis

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 2

 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
 The equation α = ωt states that the angle α through
which the rotating vector will pass is determined by the
angular velocity of the rotating vector and the length of
time the vector rotates.
 For a particular angular velocity (fixed ω), the longer the
radius vector is permitted to rotate (that is, the greater
the value of t ), the greater will be the number of
degrees or radians through which the vector will pass.
 The general format of a sine wave can also be as:

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 3

 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
 For electrical quantities such as current and voltage, the
general format is:

i  I m sin t  I m sin 

e  Em sin t  Em sin 

where: the capital letters with the subscript m

represent the amplitude, and the lower case letters i
and e represent the instantaneous value of current and
voltage, respectively, at any time t.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 4

 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
Example 1.1

Given e = 5sin, determine e at  = 40 and  = 0.8.

Solution
For  = 40, e  5 sin 40  3.21 V

 180 
For  = 0.8   0.8    144
  

e  5 sin 144  2.94 V

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 5
 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
Example 1.2
(a) Determine the angle at which the magnitude of the
sinusoidal function v = 10 sin 377t is 4 V.

(b) Determine the time at which the magnitude is

attained.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 6

 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
Example 1.2 – solution (a)
v  Vm sin t V Vm  10 V;   377 rad/s

Hence,
v  10 sin 377t V

When v = 4 V,
4
4  10 sin 377t Or; sin 377t  sin    0.4
10
  sin 1 0.4  23.58
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 7
 General Format for the
Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
Example 1.2 – solution (b)

  377t  23.58  0.412 rad

0.412
t  1.09 ms
377

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 8

 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions
Definitions
 Waveform: The path traced by a quantity, such as
voltage, plotted as a function of some variable such as
time, position, degree, radius, temperature and so on.
 Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at
any instant of time; denoted by the lowercase letters
(e1, e2).
 Peak amplitude: The maximum value of the waveform
as measured from its average (or mean) value, denoted
by the uppercase letters Em (source of voltage) and Vm
(voltage drop across a load).
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 9
 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions
Definitions
 Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a
function as measured from zero-volt level.
 Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full
voltage between positive and negative peaks of the
waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the
positive and negative peaks.
 Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually
repeats itself after the same time interval.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 10

 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions
Definitions
 Period (T): The time interval between successive
repetitions of a periodic waveform (the period T1 = T2 =
T3), as long as successive similar points of the periodic
waveform are used in determining T
 Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one
period of time
 Frequency: (Hertz, Hz) the number of cycles that occur
in 1s 1
f   hertz, Hz
T

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 11

 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 12

 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 13

 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions
Example 1.3 Determine:
(a) peak value
(b) instantaneous value at 0.3 s and 0.6 s
(c) peak-to-peak value
(d) period
(e) how many cycles are shown
(f) frequency

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 14

 Sinusoidal AC Voltage
Characteristics and Definitions
Example 1.3 - solution

(a) 8 V; (b) -8 V at 3 s and 0 V at 0.6 s; (c) 16 V;

(d) 0.4 s; (e) 3.5 cycles; (f) 2.5 Hz

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 15

 Three Phase System
 An ac generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal
voltage for each rotation of the shaft (rotor) is referred to as
a single-phase ac generator
 If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a
specified manner, the result is a polyphase ac generator,
which develops more than one ac phase voltage per
rotation of the rotor.
 In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-
phase systems for the transmission of power for many
reasons, including the following:

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 16

 Three Phase System
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same
kVA at the same voltage, which reduces the amount of
copper required (typically about 25% less) and in turn
reduces construction and maintenance costs.
2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting
structures can be less massive and farther apart.
3. Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred
running and starting characteristics compared to single-
phase systems because of a more even flow of power to
the transducer than can be delivered with a single-
phase supply.
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 17
 Three Phase System
4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because
they are essentially self-starting and do not require a
special design or additional starting circuitry.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 18

 Three Phase System
 The frequency generated is determined by the number of
poles on the rotor (the rotating part of the generator) and
the speed with which the shaft is turned.
 Throughout the United States the line frequency is 60 Hz,
whereas in Europe the chosen standard is 50 Hz. In
Malaysia, the line frequency is 50 Hz.
 On aircraft and ships the demand levels permit the use of
a 400 Hz line frequency.
 The three-phase system is used by almost all commercial
electric generators.
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 19
 Three Phase Generator
 Most small emergency generators, such as the gasoline
type, are one-phased generating systems.
 The two-phase system is commonly used in
servomechanisms, which are self-correcting control systems
capable of detecting and adjusting their own operation.
 Servomechanisms are used in ships and aircraft to keep
them on course automatically, or, in simpler devices such as
a thermostatic circuit, to regulate heat output.
The number of phase voltages that can be produced by a
polyphase generator is not limited to three. Any number of
phases can be obtained by spacing the windings for each
phase at the proper angular position around the stator.
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 20
 Three Phase Generator
The three-phase generator has three induction coils placed
120° apart on the stator.
The three coils have an equal number of turns, the voltage
induced across each coil will have the same peak value,
shape and frequency

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 21

 Three Phase Generator
 At any instant of time, the algebraic sum of the three
phase voltages of a three-phase generator is zero.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 22

 Three Phase Generator
 The sinusoidal expression for each of the induced
voltage is:

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 23

 Phase expression

 In phase expression:
EM EM EM
EA  0 EB    120 EC  120
2 2 2

Where:
EM : peak value
EA, EB and EC : rms value

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 24

 Connection in 3 phase System

 A 3-phase system is equivalent to three single

phase circuit
 Two possible configurations in three phase system:
1. Y-connection (star connection)
2. ∆-connection (delta connection)

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 25

 3 phase Generator

Y-connected generator ∆-connected generator

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 26

 3 phase Load

Y-connected load ∆-connected load

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 27

 Y-Connected Generator
 If the three terminals denoted N are connected
together, the generator is referred to as a Y-connected
three-phase generator.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 28

 Y-Connected Generator
 The point at which all the terminals are connected is called
the neutral point.
 If a conductor is not attached from this point to the load,
the system is called a Y-connected, three-phase, three-wire
generator.
 If the neutral is connected, the system is a Y-connected
three-phase, four-wire generator.
 The three conductors connected from A, B and C to the
load are called lines.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 29

 Y-Connected Generator
 The point at which all the terminals are connected is called
the neutral point.
 If a conductor is not attached from this point to the load,
the system is called a Y-connected, three-phase, three-wire
generator.
 If the neutral is connected, the system is a Y-connected
three-phase, four-wire generator.
 The three conductors connected from A, B and C to the
load are called lines.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 30

 Y-connected Generator

3 phase , 4-wire 3 phase, 3-wire

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 31

 Y-Connected Generator
 The voltage from one line to another is called a line voltage
 The magnitude of the line voltage of a Y-connected
generator is:

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 32

 Definition of Phase Voltage
 In 3-phase system, for Y-connected, the voltage from
line to neutral point is called a phase voltage.

EAN – phase A voltage

EBN – phase B voltage
ECN – phase C voltage

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 33

 Definition of Line Voltage
 In 3-phase system, for Y-connected, the voltage from
one line to another is called a line voltage.

EAB – voltage between line A and B

EBC – voltage between line B and C
ECA – voltage between line C and A

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 34

 Y-connected system
 Line voltage
VAB ; VBC ; VCA

 Phase voltage:
VAN ; VBN ; VCN

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 35

 Voltage in Y-connected system
 For 3-phase Y-connected system, if the phase voltage VAN
is taken as the reference, so
VAN  VAN 0

VBN  VBN   120

VCN  VCN 120

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 36

 Voltage in Y-connected system
 For 3-phase Y-connected system, if the phase voltage VAN
is taken as the reference, so
VAB  VAN  VBN
 VAN 0  VBN   120
 VAN (10  1  120)
 VAN ((1  j0)  (0.5  j0.866))
 VAN (1.5  j0.866)
 VAN (1.73230)

VAB  3VAN 30

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 37
 Voltage in Y-connected system
With the same method,
VBC  VBN  VCN VCA  VCN  VAN
and
 3VBN   90  3VCN 150
The relationship between the line voltage and the phase
voltage can be represented as

VL  3Vφ 30

VL : line voltage
Vφ : phase voltage
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 38
 Current in Y-connected system
 For the Y-connected system, it should be obvious that
the line current equals the phase current for each phase;
that is

IL  Iφ
 IL : line current
Iφ : phase current

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 39

 Phase sequence (Y-connected
generator)
 The phase sequence can be determined by the order in
which the phasors representing the phase voltages pass
through a fixed point on the phasor diagram if the phasors
are rotated in a counterclockwise direction.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 40

 Phase sequence (Y-connected
generator)
In phasor notation,
Line voltage: VAB  VAB 0 (reference)
VBC  VBC   120
VCA  VCA120

Phase voltage: VAN  VAN 0 (reference)

VBN  VBN   120
VCN  VCN 120
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 41
 Y-Connected Generator with a Y-
Connected Load
 Loads connected with three-phase supplies are of two
types: the Y and the ∆.
 If a Y-connected load is connected to a Y-connected
generator, the system is symbolically represented by Y-Y

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 42

 Y-Connected Generator with a Y-
Connected Load
 If the load is balanced, the neutral connection can be
removed without affecting the circuit in any manner; that
is, if Z1 = Z2 = Z3
then IN will be zero
 Since IɸL = Vɸ / Zɸ the magnitude of the current in each
phase will be equal for a balanced load and unequal for an
unbalanced load. In either case, the line voltage is

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 43

 Y-Y System
Example 1.4 Calculate the line currents in the three-wire
Y-Y system as shown below

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 44

 Y-Y System
Example 1.4 - solution
Single phase equivalent circuit
Phase ‘a’ equivalent circuit

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 45

 Y-Y System
Example 1.4 - solution
VAN
I Aa  ; ZT  (5  j 2)  (10  j8)  16.15521.8
ZT
1100
I Aa   6.81  21.8
16.15521.8
I Bb  I Aa   120
 6.81  141.8A

I Cc  I Aa   240
 6.81  261.8  6.8198.2A
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 46
 Y-Delta System
Example 1.5
A balanced positive sequence Y-connected source with
VAN=10010 V is connected to a -connected balanced
load (8+j4)  per phase. Calculate the phase and line
currents.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 47

 Y-Delta System
Example 1.5 - solution
Balanced WYE source, VAN = 10010 V
Balanced DELTA load, Z = 8 + j4 
Phase and line currents = ??

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 48

 Y-Y System
Example 1.5 – solution (phase current)

Vab Vab= voltage across Z

I ab  = VAB= source line voltage
ZΔ
 VAB  3 VAN 30
Vab  173.240 V
173.240
 I ab   19.3613.43 A
8  j4
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 49
 Y-Y System
Example 1.5 – solution (phase current)

I ab  19.3613.43 A
 I bc  I ab 13.43  120
I bc  19.36  106.57
 I ca  19.3613.43  120
I ca  19.36133.43 A

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 50

 Y-Y System
Example 1.5 – solution (line current)

I Aa  3 I ab   30
 3 (19.36) 13.43  30
I Aa  33.53   16.57 A

 I Bb  I Aa   120  33.53   136.57 A

 I Cc  I Aa   120  33.53 103.43 A

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 51

 Y-Δ System
 There is no neutral connection for the Y-∆ system shown
below.
 Any variation in the impedance of a phase that produces an
unbalanced system will simply vary the line and phase
currents of the system.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 52

 Y-Δ System
 For a balanced load, Z1 = Z2 = Z3.
 The voltage across each phase of the load is equal to the
line voltage of the generator for a balanced or an
unbalanced load: Vɸ = EL.
 Kirchhoff’s current law is employed instead of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law.
 The results obtained are

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 53

 Δ-Connected Generator
 In the figure below, if we rearrange the coils of the
generator in (a) as shown in (b), the system is referred to
as a three-phase, three-wire.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 54

 Δ-Connected Generator
 ∆-connected ac generator
 In this system, the phase and line voltages are
equivalent and equal to the voltage induced across each
coil of the generator:
E AB  E AN and e AN  2 E AN sin t
EBC  EBN and eBN  2 EBN sin(t  120)
ECA  ECN and eCN  2 ECN sin(t  120)
Or
EL = Eɸg
 Only one voltage (agnitude) is available instead of the
two in the Y-connected system
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 55
 Δ-Connected Generator
 Unlike the line current for the Y-connected generator,
the line current for the ∆-connected system is not equal
to the phase current. The relationship between the two
can be found by applying Kirchhoff’s current law at one of
the nodes and solving for the line current in terms of the
phase current; that is, at node A,
IBA = IAa + IAC
or
IAa = IBA - IAC = IBA + ICA

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 56

 Δ-Connected Generator
 The phasor diagram is shown below for a balanced load.
 In general, line current is:

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 57

 Phase sequence (Δ-Connected
Generator)
 Even though the line and phase voltages of a ∆
-connected system are the same, it is standard practice to
describe the phase sequence in terms of the line voltages
 In drawing such a diagram, one must take care to have
the sequence of the first and second subscripts the same
 In phasor notation,
EAB = EAB 0
EBC = EBC 120
ECA = ECA 120

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 58

 Definition of Phase Current

In 3-phase system, for ∆-connected, the current that flow

from one phase to another is called a phase current.

IBA – phase A current

ICB – phase B current
IAC – phase C current

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 59

 Definition of Line Current

In 3-phase system, for ∆-connected, the current that flow

through the line is called a line current.

IAa – line A current

IBb – line B current
ICc – line C current

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 60

 ∆-connected system (generator)

Line current:
IAa ; IBb ; ICc

Phase current:
for generator:
IBA ; IAC ; ICB

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 61

 ∆-connected system (load)

Line current:
IAa ; IBb ; ICc

Phase current:
for load:
Iab ; Ibc ; Ica

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 62

 Current in ∆-connected system
(Generator side)
For 3-phase ∆-connected system (generator), if the phase
current IBA is taken as the reference, so

I BA  I BA 0
I CB  I CB   120

I AC  I AC120
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 63
 Current in ∆-connected system
(Generator side)
By applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the line current can
be written as
I Aa I BA I AC
 I BA 0  I BA 120
 I BA (10  1120)
 I BA (1  j0  (0.5  j0.866))
 I BA (1.5  j0.866)
 I BA (1.732  30)

I Aa  3I BA   30 A
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 64
 Current in ∆-connected system
(Generator side)
With the same method,

I Bb  I CB  I BA
 3I CB  150
and
I Cc  I AC  I CB
 3I AC90
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 65
 Current in ∆-connected system
(Load side)
For 3-phase ∆-connected system (load), if the phase
current Iab is taken as the reference, so

I ab  I ab 0

I bc  I bc   120

I ca  I ca 120
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 66
 Current in ∆-connected system
(Load side)
By applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the line current can
be written as
I Aa I ab I ca
 I ab 0  I ab 120
 I ab (10  1120)
 I ab (1  j0  (0.5  j0.866))
 I ab (1.5  j0.866)
 I ab (1.732  30)

I Aa  3I ab   30 A
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 67
 Current in ∆-connected system
(Load side)
With the same method,

I Bb  I bc  I ab
 3I bc   150
and
I Cc  I ca  I bc
 3I ca 90
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 68
 ∆-connected system

The relationship between the line current and the phase

current can be represented as

I L  3I φ   30
Where;
IL : line current
Iφ : phase current
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 69
 Voltage in ∆-connected system

 For the ∆-connected system, it should be obvious that

the line voltage equals the phase voltage for each
phase; that is

VL  Vφ
VL : line voltage VL : line voltage
Vɸ : phase voltage

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 70

 Phase Sequence (∆-connected
system)
 Even though the line and phase voltages of a ∆
-connected system are the same, it is standard practice to
describe the phase sequence in terms of the line voltages
 In drawing such a diagram, one must take care to have
the sequence of the first and second subscripts the same
 In phasor notation,
VAB = VAB 0o
VBC = VBC 120o
VCA = VCA 120o

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 71

 ∆-Connected Generator with a
∆-Connected Load

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 72

 Δ-Δ System
Example 1.6
A balanced delta connected load having an impedance
20 - j15  is connected to a delta connected, positive
sequence generator having VAB = 3300 V. Calculate the
phase currents of the load and the line currents.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 73

 Δ-Δ System
Example 1.6 - solution

 Z Δ  20  j15   25  36.87

 VAB  3300 V

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 74

 Δ-Δ System
Example 1.6 – solution (phase current)

Vab 3300
I ab    13.236.87A
ZΔ 25  38.87

I bc  I ab   120  13.2 - 83.13A

I ca  I ab   120  13.2156.87A

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 75

 Δ-Δ System
Example 1.6 – solution (line current)

I Aa  I ab 3  30
 13.236.87  3  30 
 22.866.87 A

I Bb  I Aa   120  22.86 - 11 3.13 A

I Cc  I Aa   120  22.86126.87 A
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 76
 ∆-Connected Generator with a
Y-Connected Load (Δ-Y System)

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 77

 Δ-Y System
Example 1.7
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance
40 + j25  is supplied by a balanced, positive-sequence
Δ-connected source with a line voltage of 210 V.
Calculate the phase currents. Use VAB as reference.

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 78

 Δ-Y System
Example 1.7 – solution

the load impedance, ZY and the source voltage, VAB are

 Z Y  40  j25  47.1732 
 VAB  2100 V
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 79
 Δ-Y System
Example 1.7 – solution (line current)
 When the ∆-connected source is transformed to a Y-
connected source,

VAB
Van    30
3
2100
 1  30
3
 121.2 - 30 V
Chapter 1: Three Phase System 80
 Δ-Δ System
Example 1.7 – solution (line current)

Van 121.2  30

I Aa    2.57 - 62 A
ZY 47.1732

I Bb  I Aa   120  2.57 - 182 A

I Cc  I Aa   120  2.5758 A

Chapter 1: Three Phase System 81

 Summary of Relationships in
Y and ∆-connections

Y-connection ∆-connection
Voltage VL  3Vφ VL  Vφ
magnitudes
Current IL  Iφ I L  3I φ
magnitudes
Phase VL leads Vφ by 30° IL lags Iφ by 30°
sequence

Chapter : Three Phase System 82