TITLE: APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVES

IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ECG GRAPHS

PRESENTED BY: HARIS HUSSAIN
(ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2018-2022, 5TH SEM).

PRESENTED AT: ICRTEAS 2021,

MNS UET MULTAN, PAKISTAN (31-3,01-4-2021).
AUTHORS

• Anum Zehra 1* anum@piet.edu.pk

• Haris Hussain 2 harishussain097@gmail.com

• Muhammad Masham 3 engineermasham@gmail.com

• Rana Faryyad Ali 4 ranafaryyadali@gmail.com

• Shahid Iqbal 5 shahid84811@gmail.com

• Kinza Arshad 6 kinzaarshad@gmail.com

• Muhammad Owais Tariq owais@piet.edu.pk

Adress1*,2,3,4,5,6 Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan

Pakistan Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Multan
 ABSTRACT

In this paper we have studied Left Ventricular Hypertrophy(LVH) and Right Ventricular
Hypertrophy(RVH) of heart from Electro Cardiogram (ECG) Graph using fractional calculus. An ECG is
a rough or unreachable curve which is continuous everywhere but non-differentiable at some points or all
points where classical calculus fails. Our purpose of this paper is to find left and right fractional
derivatives at those non-differentiable points and then predict LVH and RVH by calculating the phase
transition values (absolute difference of left and right fractional derivatives). Fractal dimension and Hurst
exponents of V1, V2, V5 and V6 leads of the ECG’s have been calculated for both problematic and
normal ECG’s. All such measures will help doctors to diagnose LVH and RVH from ECG in more
accurate manner as compared to the other techniques.
 INTRODUCTION
• Fractional Calculus was introduced in 1695. It becomes a rich area of ​research in the field of basic science
and engineering science from the second half of the twentieth century. [1]

• The ECG [2] (Electro Cardiogram) is a continuous graph with several points full order output is not
available but fractions are available. Therefore ECG graphs can not be seen in integer calculations but can
be characterized by fractional calculus.

• Fractional derivative is used when we deal with the continuous but non-differentiable and non-periodic
function means the unreachable function, these functions are represented by continuous graphing due to
variation and continuity, these graphs are known as unreachable graphs like ECG graph.

• Phase transition which also related to unreachable points of any continuous graph. We also discussed about
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) or Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) and its symptoms.
 INTRODUCTION

• The concept of fractional calculus can therefore be used to represent a sign the unreachable points of the
ECG graphs can provide a better measure of differential diagnosis heart disease. We will set undivided
points and be called unreachable points of ECG graphs using Riemann-Liouville definitions[3]

  

• Fractal dimension [4] is used for defining indistinguishable but continuous curves, also known as rough
curves used to measure variability and the difficulty of difficult turns.
 RESEARCH GAP

• In fractional calculus the useful definitions for ECG are by Caputo [5] and Riemann-Liouville’s and are only apply on
differentiable functions. The mathematical expression for Caputo’s derivative is

• Fractal dimension is an important tool to characterize the non-differentiable but continuous curves.
• Fractal dimension of an ECG will give its degree of roughness which will be calculated using Box counting method.
  

• Hurst Exponent [6] is another method to characterize ECG. It is basically used to determine long-term memory of any
time series. If the value of the Hurst Exponent lies between 0.5 and 1 then the time series is persistent; whereas if it
lies between 0 to 0.5then the time series is anti-persistent .The series is random if Hurst Exponent is 0.5.
 UNREACHABLE FUNCTION AND GRAPH

• A function that is continuous everywhere, but does not vary at some points or all points [7]. ECGs are unreachable
graphs of this type that are continuous but have some non-differentiating points. A portion of the ECG graph which
represents the typical shape of the PQRST wave.

Figure of PQRST Wave

• Difference of left and right modified Riemann-Liouville and Caputo derivative at unreachable points of any
continuous graph is termed as Phase Transition at that point [8]
 LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY (LVH)

• LVH is risk of hypertension with increasing weight and thus leaving a state of ventricular hypertrophy
condition.
Symptoms:
1. Feeling short of breath
2. Chest pain, especially after activity
3. Feeling dizzy or fainting
 RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY (RVH)

• RVH is an abnormal enlargement or pathologic increase in muscle mass of the right ventricular in response to
pressure overload, most commonly due to severe lung disease.
Symptoms:
1. Pulmonary Hypertension
2. Pulmonary embolism
3. Chronic lungs disease
 APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE

• To study the non-differentiable points of the PQRST waves in ECG leads with the help of fractional derivatives we
have calculated the half-order fractional derivative (both left and right) and the corresponding Phase Transition
values(P.T.) at the non-differentiable points by the help of the following theorem

• Let us consider a function.

  
with ac. It is continuous at for but not differentiable [10] at that point. Then left fractional derivative, right fractional
derivative and phase transition at the point x = q are respectively,

• The function in the above theorem is linear in both sides of the non-invariant point . The PQRST complex of each
ECG leads can be described using the above theorem which is linear in both sides
 FINDINGS
• We have considered here normal ECG samples. We have presented V1, V2, V5, V6 which is the leads of normal
ECG
Table 1 Phase transition at the non-differentiable points Q, R, S of lead V1 Table 2 Phase transition at the non-differentiable points Q, R, S of lead V2

    Left Fractional Right Fractional Phase

    Left Fractional Right Phase
Derivative Derivative Transition
Derivative Fractional Transition
Derivative

1st For PQ:QR at Q 0 6.3831 6.3831 1st For PQ:QR at NA* NA NA

Q
  For QR:RS at R 6.3831 -15.1598 21.5429   For QR:RS at 10.1554 -24.2602 34.4156
R
  For RS:ST at S -15.1538 10.3725 25.5323
  For RS:ST at S -24.2602 19.9471 44.2073

2nd For PQ:QR at Q 0 5.0777 5.0777 2nd For PQ:QR at 0 10.1554 10.1554
Q

  For QR:RS at R 5.0777 -16.7556 21.8333   For QR:RS at 10.1554 -36.7027 46.8581
R
  For RS:ST at S -16.7556 7.9788 24.7344
  For RS:ST at S -36.7027 20.7450 57.4477
 FINDINGS
Table 4 Phase transition at the non-differentiable points Q, R, S of lead V5 Table 5 Phase transition at the non-differentiable points Q, R, S of lead V6
    Left Right Phase
    Left Fractional Right Fractional Phase Fractional Fractional Transition
Derivative Derivative Transition Derivative Derivative
1st For PQ:QR at -2.3508 23.1386 25.4894
1st For PQ:QR at Q -1.5202 28.7238 30.2440
Q
  For QR:RS at 23.1386 -16.9257 40.0643
  For QR:RS at R 28.7238 -33.5112 62.2350 R
  For RS:ST at -16.9257 3.1915 20.1172
  For RS:ST at S -33.5112 3.3851 36.8963 S
2nd For PQ:QR at Q -1.5958 28.7238 30.3196 2nd For PQ:QR at -2.3508 18.8926 21.2434
Q
  For QR:RS at 18.8926 -23.9365 42.8291
  For QR:RS at R 28.7238 -23.6960 52.4198 R
  For RS:ST at -23.9365 1.3029 25.2394
  For RS:ST at S -23.6960 4.7873 28.4833
S
3rd For PQ:QR at Q -3.1915 28.7238 31.9154 3rd For PQ:QR at -2.2803 21.5429 23.8232
Q
  For QR:RS at 21.5429 -15.7973 37.3402
  For QR:RS at R 28.7238 -32.7133 61.4371 R
  For RS:ST at S -32.7133 2.8209 35.5342   For RS:ST at -15.7973 2.3936 18.1909
S
 CHARACTERIZATION OF ECG GRAPH

• ECG is a rough type curve. So we calculated Fractal Dimensions and Hurst Exponents of its necessary leads as
measures of characterization
Table 3- Fractal Dimension and Hurst Exponent of lead V1, V2, V5 and V6
• We have constructed
  the table 3 for this purpose to characterize table 1 & 2
V1 Left Fractional Derivative Right Fractional Derivative Phase Transition

Fractal Dimensions 1.062 1.110 1.186 1.108

Hurst Exponent 0.520 0.456 0.468 0.516

• The table 3 shows that for normal ECG sample maximum fractal dimension is less than 1.2. Hurst exponent in two
leads are less than 0.5 and other two are slightly greater than 0.5.This means the graph is neither persistent nor an anti-
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 THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS
SUGGESTIONS ARE WELCOME