OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.3

OMF000502 Network Planning
Principle ISSUE1.3
Wireless Training Department

Course Contents
Introduction to GSM network
Mobile radio link
Network planning procedure
Advanced network planning

Introduction to GSM Network
 1. GSM system architecture

 2. GSM bandwidth
 3. Difference between GSM900 and GSM1800
 4. GSM Logical channels
GSM System Architecture
VLR HLR
Other MSC EIR
AuC
OMC
Other BTS´s
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
890 915 935 960
Channel spacing 200kHz Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz
GSM 1800 :
Channel spacing 200kHz
1710 1785 1805 1880
Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800
 GSM900 and GSM1800 are similar
GSM 900 GSM 1800

Frequency band 890...960 MHz 1710...1880 MHz
Number of channels 124 374
Channel spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz
Access technique TDMA TDMA
Mobile power 0.8 / 2 / 5 W 0.25 / 1 W
There
Thereare
areno
nomajor
majordifferences
differencesbetween
betweenGSM
GSM900
900
and
andGSM
GSM1800
1800
Logical Channels
 GSM900/GSM1800 logic channel architecture
Logical Channels
Common Channels Dedicated Channels

(CCH) (DCH)
Broadcast Control Common Control Traffic Channels

Control Channels
Channel (BCCH) Channel (CCCH) (TCH)
FCH SCH BCCH PCH AGCH RACH SDCCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H
(Sys Info)
SACCH TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H
Downlink Channels
FCCH
SCH
Common BCCH
BCCH
Channels CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH SACCH
Dedicated FACCH
Channels TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Uplink Channels
RACH CCCH
Common
Channels
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
DCCH
Dedicated
TCH/F
Channels
TCH
TCH/H
Use of Logical Channels
“off” state FCCH

Search for frequency correction burst
Search for synchronization sequence
SCH
Read system information
BCCH
idle mode Listen paging message PCH

Send access burst RACH
Wait for signaling channel allocation AGCH
dedicated
mode
Call setup SDCCH
Assign traffic channel SDCCH
Conversation
TCH
Call release
FACCH
idle mode
Logical Channels Mapping
 Logical channels are mapped to physical channels

 Signaling : sequences of 51 frames
 Traffic : sequences of 26 frames
BCCH + CCCH (downlink)
F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC -
51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec

BCCH + CCCH (uplink)
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
 For combined BCCH

 CCCH blocks can be either PCH or AGCH
 Some blocks may be configured as SDCCH
 Exercises
 1. Write down the frequency used for uplink and downlink.
 Answer: GSM system uses different frequency for uplink and
downlink.
GSM900:
Uplink: 935---960 Downlink: 890---915
GSM1800:
Uplink: 1805--1880 Downlink: 1710--1785
 Exercises
 2. Write down the types of logical channels and the hierarchy
Answer:
Logical Channels
Common Channels Dedicated Channels

(CCH) (DCH)
Broadcast Control Common Control Traffic Channels

Control Channels
Channel (BCCH) Channel (CCCH) (TCH)
FCH SCH BCCH PCH AGCH RACH SDCCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H
(Sys Info)
SACCH TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H
Course Contents
Mobile radio link

Mobile Radio Link
 1. Radio wave propagation

 2. Propagation models
 3. Antenna systems
 4. Diversity technique
 5. Interference and interference reduction
 6. Link budget
Radio Link Propagation
 Multi-path propagation
 Radio path is a complicated propagation medium
 Limited transmitting energy
 The service range is determined by the transmission power of
mobiles
 Battery life-time
 Limited spectrum
 Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannon´s theorem)
 Additional effort needed for channel coding
 Frequency reused result in self- interference
Radio Propagation Environment
 Multi-path propagation
 Shadowing
 Terrain
 Building
 Reflection
 Interference
Reflections
 Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

 No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
 Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer
window
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 s
Fading(1)
 Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)

 Shadowing due to large obstacles o
n propagation direction
Level (dB)
 Fast fading (Rayleigh fading) +10
 Serious interference from multi-path

0
signals
-10
-20
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
0 1 2 3 4 5m
Fading(2)
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Signal Variations
Rayleigh Lognormal Large scale

fading fading variation
Cause Superposition of Shadowing or Prop. path profile, terrain
multiple reflection by & clutter structure, Earth
propagation cars, trees, curvature
paths with buildings
different phase
Correlation < 10 ... 100m > 100m
Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable (maps, terrain

predictable database)
(buildings!!)
Planning apply statistical consider use maps or digital

thresholds for lognormal terrain & clutter
method Rayleigh fading distribution databases to predict
signals around local (50 ..200m pixel
mean (use  = resolution)
3 ... 10dB)
Propagation
 Free- space propagation

D
Signal strength decreases with distance increases
 Reflection
 Specula R.
 Amplitude : A --> α*A (α< 1)
 Phase : --> -Ф specula reflection
 Polarization : material determining phase shift
 Diffuse R.
 Amplitude : A --> α*A (α<< 1)
 Phase : random
 Polarization : random diffuse reflection
Propagation
 Absorption
A A - 5..30 dB
 Heavy amplitude attenuation
 Material determining phase shift
 Diffraction
 Wedge-model
 Knife edge
 Multiple knife edges
Mobile Radio Link

 6. Link budget
Propagation Model
 Historical CCIR- Model for Radio station

 Not very accurate nor serious
 Okumura- Hata
 Empirical model
 Measure and estimate additional attenuations
 Applied for larger distance estimation (range: 5 .. 20km)
 Not suitable for small distance ( < 1km)
Hata Model
 Model used for 900 MHz
L  A  B log f  1382
. log hb  a (hm )
 (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Lmorpho
with
f frequency in MHz additional attenuation due
h BS antenna height [m] to land usage classes
a(h) function of MS antenna height
d distance between BS and MS [km] and
A= 69.55, B = 26.16 (for 150 .. 1000 MHz)

A= 46.3 , B = 33.9 (for 1000 ..2000MHz)
Land Usage Types
 Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation

 Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with
season (foliage loss)
 Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
 Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
 Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
 Glaciers very strong reflection; extreme delay , strong
interferences over long distance
 Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do not
use as antenna or site location
Walfish- Ikegami Model
 Model used for urban micro-cell propagation. Assume regular

city layout (“Manhattan grid”). Total path loss consists of three
parts:
 Line-of-sight loss LLOS
 Roof-to-street loss LRTS
 Mobile environment loss LMS
h
w
b
Mobil Radio Link

 2. Propagation model
 3. Antenna system
 6. Link budget
Antenna Characteristics
 Lobes
 Main lobes
 Side and Back lobes
 Front-to-Back ratio
 Half-power beam-width
 Antenna downtilt
 Polarization
 Frequency range
 Antenna impedance
 Mechanical size
Coupling Between Antennas
main lobe
 Horizontal separation
 Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10λ
 Antenna patterns superimposed if
distance too close
5 .. 10
 Vertical separation
 Decoupling distance:1λ can provide good RX /TX decoupling
 Minimum coupling loss
Installation Examples
 Recommended decoupling
 TX - TX: ~20dB
0,2m
 TX - RX: ~40dB
 Horizontal decoupling distance depends on
 Antenna gain
Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m
directional : 1 ... 3m
 Horizontal rad. pattern
 Omni-directional antenna
 Use vertical separation for RX and TX
 Use vertical separation (“fork”) for RX and diversity RX
Vertical decoupling is much more effective

Installation Examples
 Directional antenna
 Antenna downtilt
 Improve hotspot coverage
 Reduce interference
5..8 deg
Feeder
 Feeder parameter
Type Diameter 1800MHz 900MHz
(mm) dB/100m dB/100
m
3/8” 10 14 10
5/8” 17 9 6
7/8” 25 6 4
1 5/8” 47 3 2
Use the short feeder whenever possible

Distributed Antennas
 Leaking feeder
 Cables with very high loss per length unit “distributed antenna”
often used for tunnel coverage. This kind of feeder is expensive
Propagation loss: 4 ... 40 dB/100m
50 Ohm
coupling loss: ~ 60 dB (at 1m dist.)
 Optic fiber distribution system

 Distribute RF signal radiate from discrete antenna points at
remote locations via (very thin) optic fiber.
Repeaters
 Repeater type
 Narrow-band Repeater
 Wide-band Repeater
 The Repeater is used to relay signal into shadowed area
 Behind hill
 Into valley
 Into building
decoupling ~40 dB needed
Note: The Repeater needs a host cell

Mobile Radio Link

 6. Link budget
Diversity
 Time diversity
t
Coding, interleaving
 Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping f
 Space diversity
Multiple antennas
 Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
 Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Benefit From Diversity
 Diversity gain depends on environment

 Antenna diversity
 3dB gain
 More path loss acceptable in link budget
 Higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R A 1.7 A

70% more coverage per cell
Needs, less cells in total
R
The above case can be satisfied
only under ideal condition. That
is the environment is infinitely
large and flat
Mobile Radio Link

 6. Link budget
Interference
Signal quality =
sum of all expected signals carrier (C )
sum of all unexpected signal = interference (I)
atmospheric
expected signal noise
other signals
Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)

Effects of Interference
 Affect signal quality

 Cause bit error
 Repairable errors : channel coding, error correction
 Irreducible errors : phase distortions
 Interference situation is
 Non- reciprocal : uplink <> downlink
 Unsymmetrical : different situation at MS and BTS
 C/I
 Co-Channel C/I : 9dB
 Adjacent Channel C/I : -12dB
Signal Quality in GSM
RX Quality
RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

class (%) from... to
0 0.14 < 0.2%
good 1 0.28 0.2 ... 0.4 %
usable signal 2 0.57 0.4 ... 0.8 %
3 1.13 0.8 ... 1.6 %
acceptable 4 2.26 1.6 ... 3.2 %
5 4.53 3.2 ... 6.4 %
unusable 6 9.05 6.4 ... 12.8 %
signal 7 18.1 > 12.8 %
Interference sources
 Multi-path (long echoes)

 Frequency reuse
 External interference
Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.
Reduce the interference

as possible.
Methods for reducing Interference
 Frequency planning
 Suitable site location
 Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
bad location
good location
 Frequency hopping
 A diversity technique, frequency diversity include:
 Less fading loss
 De-coding gain
 Interference averaging
 Power control based on quality
 Evaluate signal level and quality
 DTX
 Silent transmission in speech pauses
 Adaptive antenna
 According to subscriber distribution, concentrate signal energy t
o certain direction.
 Adaptive channel allocation
 Always assign the best available channel during call setup.
Frequency Hopping
 Diversity technique
 Frequency diversity can reduce fast fading effects
 Useful for static or slow-moving mobiles
 Cyclic base-band hopping
 TRX hops cyclic between its allocated frequencies
 RF hopping
 Either cyclic or random hopping
 Needs wideband combiner
 Can use any frequency included in the MA
Power Control
 Save battery life-time

 Minimize interference
GSM : 15 steps and 2 dB for each
Use power control in both uplink and downlink

triggered by level or quality
signal
level target level
e.g. -85 dm
Power control isn’t allowed

on BCCH
time
DTX
 DTX (Discontinuous transmission)

 Switch transmitter off in speech pauses and silence periods, both
sides transmit only silence updates (SID frames) comfort noi
se generated by transcoder.
 VAD: voice activity detection
 Transcoder is informed the use of DTX/ VAD
Battery
Batterysaving
savingand
and
interference
interferencereducing
reducing
Mobile Radio Link

 6. Link budget
Link Budget Calculation
 Why we need a link budget?

 Which will decide the coverage range?
 The coverage range is limited by the weaker one.
 Two-way communication needed
 link usually limited by mobile transmitting power
 Desired result: downlink = uplink
Link budget should

be balanced
 Exercises
 1. Write down the diversity techniques.
 2. Write down the antenna’s main parameters.
 3. Write down the method used to reduce interference.
 Answer
 1.The diversity techniques are time diversity, frequency diversity,
space diversity and polarization diversity.
 2.The antenna’s main parameters are lobes (main lobes, side/ba
ck lobes), front-to-back ratio, half-power beam-width ,antenna do
wntilt, polarization, frequency range, antenna impedance, mecha
nical size etc..
 3.The methods used to reduce interference are frequency hoppi
ng, DTX, power control based on qulality, adaptive antenna, opti
mized channel allocation.
Course Contents
Mobile radio link

Network Planning Procedure
 1. Cellular planning principle

 2. Network topology
 3. Traffic estimation
 4. Coverage planning
 5. Frequency planning
 6. Site selection
 7. Transmission planning
Network Planning Principle
initial marketing
dimensioning
business
plan
transmission coverage
plan plan
traffic parameter
estimate plan
Frequency
plan
final
topology
Scope of Network Planning
 Operator’s requirements  External information

 Subscriber forecasts  Terrain data
 Coverage requirements Network planning  Population data
 Quality of service
Data acquisition
Site survey
 Bandwidth available
Field measurement evaluation
 Recommended sites CW design and analysis

Transmission plan
 Network design  Network performance

 Number & configuration of BSC  Gos
 Antenna specifications  Margin calculations
 BSS topology  Interference probabilities
 Frequency plan  Quality observation
 Network evolution strategy
Input Data
 Maps
 Main city
 Important road
 Location of mountain range
 Inhabited area
 Shore line
 Local knowledge
 Typical architecture
 Structure of city
Demographic Data
 Statistical yearbook
 Largest town and city
 Population distribution
 Where are the expected subscribers
250 000 pop.
 Local knowledge
 Population migration route
400 000 pop.
 Traffic volume
 Subscriber concentration area
300 000 pop.
Network Configuration
Estimate number of BTS needed

VERY rough initial estimation :
total operator’s bandwidth
= average number of TRX allowed per cell
planned freq. reuse rate
number of BTS needed for traffic

reasons
Evaluate achievable cell coverage range

=f (topography, requirements, signal levels,
environment, ...)
number of BTS needed for coverage
reasons Finances Marketing
Planning
Network Planning

Network Topology
Umbrella cell
Macro cell
Micro cell
Pico cell
Macro Cell Network
 Cost performance solution

 Suitable for covering large area
 Large cell range
 High antenna position
km
2..20
 Cell ranges 2 ..20km
 Used with low traffic volume
 Typically rural area
 Road coverage
 Normally Use omnidirectional antenna
Exception: Use beamed antenna for road coverage
Micro Cell Network
 Capacity oriented network

 Suitable for high traffic area
 Mostly used with beamed cell 0,5 .. 2km
 Cost performance solution

 Usage of available site’s equipment
 Typical application
 Medium town
 Suburb
 Typical coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km
Cell coverage range
 Achievable cell coverage depend on

 Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
 Surroundings and environment
 Link budget figure
 Antenna type
 Antenna direction
 Minimum required signal level
Hexagons and Cells
 Three cells ( three hexagons)


Traffic Estimation
 Estimate number of subscribers

 Long-term prediction
 Forecast Subscribers
 Expected traffic load per subscriber
 Particular habits of subscribers
 Busy hour conditions
 Busy hour of the day
 Traffic patterns
Traffic Planning
 Estimation of expected traffic

 Number of subscribers in area
 Traffic load per subscriber
 Coverage
==> traffic per sq.km
==> traffic per cell
==> number of TRX needed per BTS
 Allow extra capacity for roamer and busy hour traffic
Transmission should not be the

bottleneck of the system
Traffic Patterns
Traffic varies between different hours, estimated traffic must be

able to satisfy the peak loads. Busy hour traffic is typically twice
that of the average.
100 %
90 peak hour
80 off-peak
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 hr

Coverage Planning
external inputs:
(traffic, subs. forecast,
coverage requirements...)
nominal cell plan
suggestions for
Initial network dimensioning site locations
TRXs, cells, sites cell parameters
bandwidth needed coverage achieved
NW topology
coverage prediction
signal strength
multi-path propagation
go to create cell
data for coverage,
frequency N
planning BSC ok?
Y
site acquisition
real cell plan
field measurements
planning Y N
site accepted ?
criteria fulfilled?
N
Coverage Requirements
 Rollout phases and time schedules

 Coverage requirement
 Agree on min. level for outdoor coverage phase 1
CW launch
 Loss requirement
 Indoor coverage area
 Mobile classes
 Operator’s cell deployment strategies
rollout
 Omni-cell site in rural area rollout
phase 3
phase 2
 Directional site in urban area
Coverage Planning
 Loss
 Due to coverage
 Due to interference
Full coverage of an area can hardly be

guaranteed ! common values: 90~95%
Network planning

Frequency Planning
 Why we reuse the frequency?

8 MHz = 40 channels * 8 timeslots = 320 users
==> max. 320 simultaneous calls!!!
 Limited bandwidth
 Interference are unavoidable
 Minimize total interference in network
 Use calculated propagation prediction for frequency allocation
Frequency Planning
 Target
Find solution to minimize interferences in the network
 Traditional method
 Hexagonal cell patterns
 Regular grid
 Cluster sizes
Frequency reuse distance:

D = R *sqrt(3*cluster-size) R
Frequency Planning
 Frequency planning always consider the following case

 Actual situation is different.
 Power control, actual traffic and distribution of subscribers.
 Average frequency reuse rate is a criteria for good allocation
scheme:
physical practical
limit limit
0 10 20
safe, but
uneconomical
Frequency Reuse
 Reuse frequency as often as possible

 Increase network capacity
 But maybe cause some interference f2 f6
f3
f3
f5
 Consideration for frequency reuse f5
f4
f7
f4
f7 f2
f7 f2 f6
f2 f6 f3
 Interference matrix calculation f3
R f3
f5
f5 f4
f5 f4 D
 Propagation model tuning f4
f7 f2 f6
f2
f6 f3
 Minimize total interference in network f5
f3 f5
f4
f4
Multiple Reuse Rate
 Frequency reuse rate

 measurement criteria for effectiveness of frequency plan
Co-relationship : effectiveness interferences
 Interaction with coverage planning
 Multiple reuse rate increase effectiveness of freq. plan
1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
same frequency tight reuse planning safe planning

in every cell (tight layer) (BCCH layer)
(spread spectrum) normal planning
(TCH macro layer)
Multiple reuse rate
Capacity increase with multiple reuse rate

e.g. network with 300 cells BWi
bandwidth : 8 MHz (40 radio channels) cap. N  re  use
i
Single reuse (4X3)

Network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer: reuse =14, (14 freq.)
normal TCH: reuse =10, (20 freq.)
tight TCH layer: reuse = 6, (6 freq.)
==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX

Site Location
 Cell performance has a close relationship with site location

 Site is long-term investment
 Site acquisition is a slow process
 Hundreds of sites needed per network
Site is a valuable long-term

asset for the operator
Bad Site Location
 Avoid hill-top location for site

 Uncontrollable interference
 Cross coverage
 Bad handover behavior
wanted cell uncontrolled, strong

boundary interferences
cross coverage areas:

Good Site Location
 Prefer site off the hill-top

 Use hill to separate cell
 Contiguous coverage area
 Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated above
valley bottom
wanted cell
boundary
Site Selection Criteria
 Radio criteria  Non-radio criteria

 Good view in main beam  Space for equipment
direction  Availability of leased transmission l
 No obstacles ine or microwave link
 Good visibility of terrain  Power supply
 Antenna installation situation  Access restrictions
 LOS to next microwave site  House owner
 Short feeder length  Rental costs

Site Acquisition Process
Site select
site owner
radio planner
measurement network
teams operator
fixed network
planner architect
Site Information
 Questionnaire
 Collect all necessary information about site
 Site coordinates, height above sea level, exact address
 House owner
 Type of building
 Building materials
 Possible antenna heights
 360deg photo (clearance view)
 Neighborhood, surrounding environment
 Drawing sketch of rooftop
 Antenna installation conditions
 Access possibilities (road, roof)
 BTS location, approximately feeder lengths

Transmission Planning
 A great portion of yearly network operational cost is

transmission maintenance cost.
 Transmission planning is for minimizing the overall cost
Radio part design Fixed part design
BTS BTS
BSS MSC BSS
BSC Hub
BTS BTS
BTS BTS
BTS BTS
Transmission Concept
Transmission methods
CATV ISDN ATM
PCM
ent
ipm HDSL
Transmission techniques
equ
PDH SDH
ion
iss
nsm
Transmission media
Tra
Fiber Copper cable
Coaxial cable Microwave radio

Terrestrial/satellite
Microwave Links
 High capacity transmission links, frequency range: 7~38 GHz
 Normal transmission link  Pro

 Needs extra frequencies  Low operating costs
 Link quality depend on weather  Easy to install
 Not always available at ideal sites  Flexible
(LOS path)  Quick & reliable solution
 Long distance hops are problematic
Repeater
station
Terminal Terminal
station A station B
Basic Transmission Topologies
 POINT-TO-POINT  STAR (Concentration points)
 MULTIDROP CHAIN  LOOP
The basic criteria for choosing transmission

topologies is Costs vs. Fail Safety (redundancy).
Network topology
 Prefer centralized or decentralized network architecture
BTS
MSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC/ MSC
2 small BSC plus

cheap transmission
BTS
1 large BSC plus
expensive
transmission
BTS
BTS
Course Contents
Mobile radio link

Advanced Network Planning
 1. Network evolution
 2. Indoor coverage
 3. Tunnel coverage
 4. Parameters
Cell Evolution
Umbrella Cell Macro Cell Micro Cell Pico Cell

5-50Km 1-5Km 100m-1Km 10m-100m
Early 80’s Mid-end 80’s Mid 90’s Mid-end 90’s
Macro Cell Layered Network

Layered Network
High layer station
Middle layer station Middle layer station
Low layer station Low layer station Low layer station

Low layer station
Indoor station
Indoors station
Indoors station Indoors station
Network Capacity evolution
 Measure for network spectrum efficiency

Directed
Directed
 Erl/ (MHz * sq.km) Retry
Retry
 A function of Power
Load HO
Load HO
Power
Control
Control
 Bandwidth
Half-rate
Half-rate
 Frequency efficiency of technology DTX
code
code
DTX
 Frequency reuse
multiple cell
multiple cell
 Cell size coverage
coverage
Load
Load
distribution
distribution
Frq. hopping
Frq. hopping
 4. Parameters
Why Indoors
 Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators

 Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
 Outdoor cell can’t provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Benefits
Continuous Coverage
Low Transmission Powers (BTS/MS)
Dedicated
Indoor Solution Subscriber expectation Office Equipment
Continuous Service Less Interference
Good Quality
Safety
MS Battery Life-time
Building Penetration Loss
 Signal level in building is estimated by using a building

penetration loss margin
 Big differences between rooms with window and without
window(10~15 dB)
signal level increases with floor
number :~1.5 dB/floor (for
1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage

Building Penetration Loss
 Signal loss for penetration varies between different building

materials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
Total building loss = median values +

superimpose standard deviations +
(lognormal) margin for higher probabilities
In-Building Path Loss
 Simple path loss model for in-building environment

 Outdoor loss: Okumura‘s formula
Lout
Lout = 42,6 + 20 log( f ) + 26 .. 35 log( d )
 Wall loss
Lwall
Lwall = f (material; angle)
 Indoor loss: linear model
For Pico-Cells Lin
Lin = L0 +  d d
building type loss application example

old house 0,7 dB/m (urban l)
commercial type 0,5 dB/m (modern offices)
open room, atrium 0,2 dB/m (museum, train station)
Indoor Coverage Solutions
 Small BTS  Antennas

 Mini BTS  Distribute antenna
 Leaky cable
 Repeater  Signal distribution
 Active  Power splitter
 Passive  Optical fiber
 Optical
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
f1..f6 f6 f4 f2
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
Example1: Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation 1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
no frequency reuse: reuse per two floor, separate freq
uencies within one floor:
a) three floors a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers 52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers 140 Erl => 2808 subs
Leaky cable
 Coaxial cable with perforated leads

 Radiating loss 10~40 dB per 100m
 Coupling loss typically 55 dB (at 1m)
 Produce constant field-strength along cable runs
 Work at wide-band
 Radiating loss become higher with high frequency
 Very large bending radius
 Formerly often used for tunnel coverage
 Expensive
Indoor Coverage Examples
 With Repeater
 Relay outdoor signal into target building
 Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
 With indoor BTS and distributed antenna
 Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
Outdoor Antenna
50m -50 dBm Gain: 18 dBi
1:1 4th floor

50m
7/8'' Cable
1:1 50m
Loss: 4dB / 50m 4th Floor
1:1 3rd floor Cable length : 25m
50m
3rd Floor
1:1 50m
1:1 2nd floor 2nd Floor

50m
50m 1st Floor
1st floor
1:1:1 1:1
50m Ground Floor
50m
Indoor Antenna
1:1 ground floor Gain: 9dBi
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building

Repeater
 Types of Repeater
 According to operating frequency
needs
 Wide-band Repeater decoupling > amplification
 Narrow-band Repeater
 According to working method

 Passive Repeater
Needs strong external signal, useful only with
very short cables and seldom used
 Active Repeater
Amplify and re-transmits all received signals
Repeater
 Application examples
 Coverage for low traffic area
 Remote valley
 Tunnel
 Underground coverage
The Bulb Principles
... is better than ...
Several smaller sites provide

more indoor coverage area
than a single large site
Newspaper Principles
 The newspaper-principle
Indoor coverage may be

expected in locations where
there is no enough daylight to
read a newspaper comfortably
 4. Parameters
Wave Propagation in Tunnels
 Ideal antenna position: center of cross-section

 Distance to walls: min. 2λ
 Tunnel cross-section shape unimportant, if λ > 10
 Time dispersion decreases with distance
 Install antenna 50~100m before tunnel entrance
 Good signal coupling between successive tunnels
Tunnels
Tunnelsare
arevery
verysuitable
suitableenvironment
environment
for
forradio
radiowave
wavepropagation
propagation
Tunnel Cross-Section
 Filling factor determines propagation condition

 Typical range for filling factors
 Road tunnels: 10%
 Metro: 60~90%
filling factor =----------

 4. Parameters
BSS Parameters
 BSS Relevant Parameter for Network Planning

 Frequency allocation plan
 Logical radio configuration
 Transmitting power
 Definition of neighboring cells
 Definition of location areas
 Handover parameters
 Power control parameters
 Cell selection parameters
 Radio link time-out counter
 Topology of BSC- BTS network
Handover Types
 Intra-cell same cell but different carrier or timeslot

 Inter-cell different cells (normal case)
 Inter-BSC different BSC
 Inter-MSC different MSC
 Inter-PLMN (technically feasible, not supported)
Intra-cell
Inte-rcell
inter-BSC
Handover Criteria
 1. Interference, UL and DL  9. MS Speed

 2. Bad C/I ratio  10. Power Budget
 3. Uplink Quality  11. Good C/I ratio
 4. Downlink Quality  12. PC: Lower quality/level
 5. Uplink Level thresholds (DL/UL)
 6. Downlink Level
 13. PC: Upper quality/level
thresholds (DL/UL)
 7. Distance
 8. Rapid Signal Drop
Location Area Design
 Location update affects all mobiles in network

 Location update in idle mode
 Location update after call completion
 Location update brings extra burden to the network
 Good location area design should avoid ping-pong
location update
major road Location area 2
Location area 1
Paging VS Location update Traffic
signaling
traffic
function of user density,

function of cell size, call arrival rate ...
user mobility
Paging
Location update
optimum number # of cells in Loc. area

of cells in Loc. area
minimize signaling traffic

optimum varies with network evolution
 Exercises
 1. Write down the network evolution process.
 2. Write down solution and equipment for indoor coverage.
 3. Write down the types of handover.
 Answer
 1.The network evolution process is: Umbrella cell-> Macro cell ->
Micro cell->Picro cell
 2. The solution and equipment for indoor coverage are: Mi
ni BTS, Repeater, antennas( distribute antenna, leaky cabl
e), signal distribution( power splitter, optical fiber).
 3.The handover types are: Inter BSC, Intra BSC, Intra cell, Inter c
ell, Inter MSC and Intra MSC.

OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.3

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OMF000502 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.3

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OMF000502 Network Planning

Wireless Training Department

Introduction to GSM network

Mobile radio link

Network planning procedure

Advanced network planning

 1. GSM system architecture

Channel spacing 200kHz Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz

Channel spacing 200kHz

1710 1785 1805 1880

Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

 GSM900 and GSM1800 are similar

GSM 900 GSM 1800

 GSM900/GSM1800 logic channel architecture

Common Channels Dedicated Channels

Broadcast Control Common Control Traffic Channels

“off” state FCCH

idle mode Listen paging message PCH

 Logical channels are mapped to physical channels

F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC -

51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec

 For combined BCCH

Common Channels Dedicated Channels

Broadcast Control Common Control Traffic Channels

Introduction to GSM network

Mobile radio link

Network planning procedure

Advanced network planning

 1. Radio wave propagation

 Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

 Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)

 Serious interference from multi-path

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Rayleigh Lognormal Large scale

Correlation < 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable (maps, terrain

Planning apply statistical consider use maps or digital

 Free- space propagation

 Polarization : material determining phase shift

 1. Radio wave propagation

 Historical CCIR- Model for Radio station

 Model used for 900 MHz

A= 69.55, B = 26.16 (for 150 .. 1000 MHz)

 Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation

 Model used for urban micro-cell propagation. Assume regular

 1. Radio wave propagation

Vertical decoupling is much more effective

Use the short feeder whenever possible

Propagation loss: 4 ... 40 dB/100m

 Optic fiber distribution system

Note: The Repeater needs a host cell

 1. Radio wave propagation

 Diversity gain depends on environment

R(div) ~ 1,3 R A 1.7 A

 1. Radio wave propagation

Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)

 Affect signal quality

RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

 Multi-path (long echoes)

Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.

Reduce the interference

 Save battery life-time

GSM : 15 steps and 2 dB for each