MECHANICAL

BEHAVIOR OF
MATERIALS
Lecture 3: Mechanical testing, stress strain
relationships and states of stress and strain
By Dr. Yumna Qureshi

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Tensile Test

Engineering stress–strain properties

• Elastic constants
• Strength
• Ductility
• Necking Behavior
• Energy capacity
• Strain Hardening
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Trends in tensile behavior

• Strength of polymers are typically 10% of strength
of metals.
• Elastic modulus of ceramics are relatively higher
than many metals.
• In composites
• Hard particles in ductile matrix increase stiffness
and strength.
• Long fiber also increase strength and stiffness.
• Chopped fibers produce intermediate effect
between those of particles and long fiber.

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Effects of temperature and strain rate

• Creep
• Creep strain is greater if the speed of the test is
slower.
• Creep effect and metals.
• Strain rate may also affect the tensile behavior of
ceramics at room temperature.
• When creep-related strain-rate effects occur:
• At a given temperature, increasing the strain rate
increases the strength, but decreases the ductility
• For a given strain rate, decreasing the temperature
increases the strength, but decreases the ductility.

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

True stress-strain interpretation of tension

• True stress
• True strain
• Constant volume assumption
• Limitation on true stress strain equation

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Compressive Test
• Size of Specimen
• L/d = 3 for ductile materials and 1.5 or 2 for brittle materials.
• Material Properties
• Elastic modulus, the proportional limit , the yield strength,
percentage changes in length and area and fracture strain is
same in compression and tension.
• Ultimate strength behavior in compression is different from
that in tension
• Trends in Compressive Behavior
• Metals often have nearly identical initial portions of stress–
strain curves in tension and compression
• Many brittle materials have high compressive strength than
in tensile strength.

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Compressive Test
• Modes of deformation in compression testing
• The figure illustrates the different modes of failure in
compression testing.
a) when L/D > 5,Buckling
b) when L/D > 2.5, Shearing
c) when L/D > 2.0 and friction is present at the contact
surfaces,Double barrelling
d) when L/D < 2.0 and friction is present at the contact
surfaces, Barrelling
e) when L/D < 2.0 and no friction is present at the contact
surfaces, Homogenous compression.
f) Compressive instability due to work-softening material.
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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Compressive Test
• Failure patterns

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Hardness Test
• Hardness is resistance of a material to indentation.
• Mohs hardness scale
• Types
• Brinell Hardness Test
• Vickers Hardness Test
• Rockwell Hardness Test

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Hardness Test
• Brinell Hardness Test

D = Ball diameter
d = impression diameter
F = load
• HB = Brinell result

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Hardness Test
• Vickers Hardness Test

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Hardness Test
• Rockwell Hardness Test

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Notch Impact test

Resistance of a material to sudden fracture where a sharp stress
raiser or flaw is present.
• Types
• Charpy V-notch test
• Izod test
• Dynamic tear test

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Notch Impact test

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Impact test

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Bending/flexural test
• Specially used for brittle materials.
• Fracture stress or fracture strength:

• Maximum deflection at mid span

• Elastic Modulus

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Bending/flexural test

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Mechanical Testing , stress strain relationships and states

Torsion test
• This test is used to find shear modulus, maximum torque ,shear
stress and breaking angle.
• Fracture torque is given by

• Shear modulus G

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Torsion test

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 Reference

Chapter 4 and 5
Norman E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of Materials Engineering Methods for
Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue Fourth Edition.

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