MIT School of Engineering, Pune

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Simple Stresses and

Strains
Prepared by

Prof. Ganesh H. Kekan

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MIT School of Engineering

1 9/3/2020
 What is Mechanics of Solids?

 “Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the

behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading”. Other names
for this field of study are “Strength of materials” and “Mechanics of
deformable bodies” or Mechanics of Solids”.

Mechanics
Of Solids
Material
Property • Material
Engineering behavior
Mechanics • Metal non under force
Metal
• Force • Changes in
types
• Moment material
• Property
• Area • Stress
of Metals
• Deformatio and Non • Strain
n Metals
2 Mechanical Engineering Department 03-09-2020
 Introduction
 When load is applied on a body, internal resistive
forces are generated in the body which resists the
deformation.
 Due to applied load, deformation occurs if applied
load value more than strength of material of the body.

3
 Tension Test

Typical tensile test machine Typical tensile specimen

Length = 5*Diameter

extensometer specimen

gauge
length

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 Load - Deflection Diagram
 For same material, we get different load – deflection
diagrams for different dimensions.

5
 Stress
 When system of external forces acts on a body, the internal
resistive forces of same magnitude and opposite direction
are set up at various sections of body.
 This internal resistive force per unit area at any section of
body is called as stress.
 It is denoted by s.
F F
A o = cross sectional
 SI Unit of stress in N/m2 or Pa area (when unloaded)

F
s=
Ao
6 9/3/2020
 Units Conversions for Stress
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 KPa = 103 N/m2
1 MPa = 106 N/m2 = 1 N/mm2
1 GPa = 109 N/m2 = 103 MPa

For Area
1 m2 = 106 mm2
1 mm2 = 10-6 m2
1 cm2 = 10-4 m2 = 102 mm2

7 9/3/2020
 Strain
 When a system of forces acts on a body it undergoes
some deformation
 This deformation per unit length is called as Strain
 It is denoted by e.

e = dL
L
Where dL = Change in Length and L = original Length

 It is unit less quantity.

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 Stress- Strain Diagram for Ductile Material

True Stress
Strain Curve

Engg Stress
Strain Curve

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 Various points on Stress- Strain
Diagram for Ductile Material

 Proportional Limit
 Elastic Limit
 Yield Point
 Ultimate Point
 Fracture point or Breaking Point

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 Various points on Stress- Strain
Diagram for Ductile Material

Proportional Limit
 The term proportional
limit is defined as “ the
stress at which the
stress strain curve
begins to deviate from
straight line”.
 It is denoted by P

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 Various points on Stress- Strain Diagram
for Ductile Material (Cont…..)

Elastic Limit
 The term elastic limit is defined as “ the maximum stress
without any permanent deformation”.
 It is denoted by E
 According to Hooke's Law,
“With in elastic limit, Stress is directly proportional to strain”
Stress (s) α Strain(e)
s=Ee where E= Modulus of Elasticity
 The proportional limit and elastic limit are very close to each
other so in practice many times these two limits are taken to be
equal.

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 Various points on Stress- Strain Diagram
for Ductile Material (Cont…..)

Yield Point
 The term yield strength
is defined as “ the
maximum stress at
which a strain increases
without much increase
in load”.
 In other words, there is
an appreciable increase
in strain without much
increase in stress.
 It is denoted by Y

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 Yield Point
C = Upper yield Point
D = Lower Yield Point

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 Various points on Stress- Strain Diagram
for Ductile Material (Cont…..)

Yield Point by offset method

 Some metals like Aluminium,
heat treated steels, cold drawn
steels do not have well defined
yield point. For such materials
we find out yield point by offset
method.
 It is stress corresponding to
0.2% of permanent
deformation.

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 Various points on Stress- Strain Diagram
for Ductile Material (Cont…..)

Ultimate Point
 After yield point, plastic
deformation of the
specimen increases.
 Material becomes more
stronger due to Strain
Hardening and higher load is
required to deform the
material.
 The term ultimate strength
is defined as “ the maximum
stress value that can be
reached in tension test ”.
 It is denoted by U.

16 9/3/2020
 Various points on Stress- Strain Diagram
for Ductile Material (Cont…..)

Fracture point or Breaking

Point
 Beyond ultimate point, the
diameter of specimen decreases
rapidly.
 There is localized reduction in c/s
area called necking.
 As test progresses, the cross
section area at neck decreases
rapidly and fracture takes place.
 The stress at the time of fracture
is called as breaking strength.
 Fracture point is denoted by F.

17 9/3/2020
Tensile-test machine with automatic data-processing Typical tensile-test specimen with
system.(Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation) extensometer attached; the specimen has
just fractured in tension. (Courtesy of MTS
Systems Corporation)

Region of
necking

18 Region of 9/3/2020
fracture
 Stress- Strain Diagram of Different
Materials (Cont…..)

Stress-strain diagram for a typical Typical stress-strain diagram

structural steel in tension for an aluminum alloy
(drawn to scale)

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 Stress- Strain Diagram of Different
Materials (Cont…..)

Stress-strain curves for two

kinds of Rubber in tension

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 Stress- Strain Diagram of Different
Materials (Cont…..)

Typical stress-strain diagram for a brittle material

showing the proportional limit (point A) and
fracture stress (point B) 9/3/2020
21
 Types of Stress

• Positive Stress • Negative Stress

• 𝝈𝒕 = P/A, • 𝝈𝒄 = - P/A
• Area is • Area is
perpendicular to perpendicular to • 𝝉 = P/ Surface Area
force direction force direction • Area is parallel to
Force direction
22 Mechanical Engineering Department • Φ = Shear Strain 03-09-2020
 Types of Strains

𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
𝑒𝑡 = 𝑒𝑐 = 𝐶𝐶1
𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑠 = 𝐶𝐵 = tan ∅
= ∅ (radian)
Note: Tensile strain is usually taken as
positive and compressive strain as negative.
23 03-09-2020
 Types of Strains

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 Poisson's Ratio (𝝁)
The ratio of lateral strain to
linear strain is known as
Poisson’s Ratio.

Sr No Material Poisson’s Ratio

1. Aluminum 0.33
2. Brass 0.34
3. Bronze 0.35
4. Cast iron 0.27
5. Concrete 0.20
6. Copper 0.355
25 7. Steel 0.288 9/3/2020
 Principal of Superposition
Sometimes a body is subjected to a no of forces acting on its outer
edges as well as at some other sections, along the length of the
body. In such case the forces are split up and their effects are
considered on individual sections. The resulting deformation of
the body is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformations of the
individual sections. Such a principal of finding out the resultant
deformation is called as the principal of superposition.

∂L = ∂L1 + ∂L2 + ∂L3 + …

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 Statically Indeterminate Systems
 When system is having two or more members of different
materials , the forces in various members cannot be determined
by equations of static equilibrium alone. Such a systems are
known as Statically Indeterminate Systems.
 In Such systems, additional equations are required to
supplement the equations of statics to determine the unknown
forces.
 Usually these equations are obtained from deformation conditions
of the systems and are known as Compatibility Equations.

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 Elastic Constants
i. Young’s Modulus : It is the ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain
or compressive stress and compressive strain It is denoted by E . It is same as
Modulus of Elasticity.
𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔𝐭 𝛔𝐜
𝐄= = = 2
N/mm or MPa
𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐭 𝐞𝐜

ii. Modulus of Rigidity : It is define as the ratio of shear stress to shear

strain. It is denoted by G
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛕 N/mm2 or MPa
𝐄= ==
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 ø

iii. Bulk Modulus or Volume modulus of elasticity : It is define as

the ratio of normal stress to volumetric strain and it is denoted by K.

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝛔𝐯
28 𝐊= = N/mm2 or MPa
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐯
 Relationship Between elastic constants
E,G,K and 𝝁

𝑬 = 𝟐𝑮 𝟏 + 𝝁

𝑬 = 𝟑𝑲 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝁

𝟗𝑲𝑮
𝑬=
𝟑𝑲 + 𝑮
where 𝝁 = 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒏′𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

29
Volumetric Stress and Strain
When elastic body is subjected to 3 mutually perpendicular
equal direct stresses as shown in figure it undergoes change in
volume without distortion of shape. Such a stress is called as
Volumetric stress.

30
Volumetric Stress and Strain

31
 Temperature Stresses and Strains
 The length of material changes when it undergoes change in temperature.
 When deformation due to temperature variation is not prevented then it
is called Natural Deformation.
 No stress or strain is developed when the deformation is natural.
 Free expansion of bar due to change in temperature is given by,

∂L = α. t . L
Where,
∂L = Change in length due to temperature variation in mm
α=coefficient of thermal expansion in /0 C or /0 K
t = temperature variation in 0 C or 0 K
L = Original length of Bar in mm

32
Temperature Stresses or Thermal Stress

 When the expansion or contraction of the member due to temperature

variation is prevented, then the stresses induced in the member is called as
temperature stress.
 When temperature rises, the stresses induced in the member are
compressive in nature.
 When temperature falls, the stresses induced in the member are
tensile in nature.
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 Temperature Stresses or Thermal Stress

σ𝑡 Temperature Stress
E= =
𝑒𝑡 Temperature Strain

Change in length prevented α. t . L

𝑒𝑡 = =
Original Length L
𝑒𝑡 = α. t

σ 𝒕 = α. t .E
where, α=coefficient of thermal expansion in /0 C or /0 K
t = temperature variation in 0 C or 0 K
34
 If Supports are yielding by amount = ∂

Change in length prevented −Gap α. t . L −∂

𝑒𝑡 = =
Original Length L
σ 𝒕 =𝐞𝐭 .E
where, α=coefficient of thermal expansion in /0 C or /0 K
t = temperature variation in 0 C or 0 K

35
 Thermal stresses in bars of
Circular Tapering Section

Maximum Stress developed in Taper bar is given by

α.𝒕. 𝑬. 𝒅𝟏
σmax =
𝒅𝟐

36
 Temperature Stresses in members in parallel

When α2 >α1 and Temperature rises

For Equilibrium Condition,
Tensile force in steel = Compressive force in Copper
σ1A1 = σ2A2 ------------------------(1)
37
Also,

Elongation Elongation of Elongation of Elongation of

of Steel Rod Steel Rod Copper Rod Copper Rod
+ _ due to
∂L = due to due to = due to
temperature tensile Stress temperature compressive
Stress
𝑃𝐿 _ 𝑃𝐿
(αt L)1 +
[ ]1 = (αt L)2 [ ]2
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
σ1 α 2t _ σ2
α 1t + =
𝐸1 𝐸2

σ𝟏 σ𝟐 (α2 -α1) t -------------(2)

+ =
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐
38
 To find Temperature Stresses for Bars in
Parallel

Deformation is given by,

39
 Superposition of thermal stresses
When structures are subjected to both loading and temperature
variation, we follow steps below,
 First of all find out the stresses caused in its members before
there is any change in temperature.
 Find out stresses due to change in temperature.
 Finally add two stresses obtained above.

40
 Strain Energy
 When a load is applied on an elastic body, it gets deformed and on
removal of load it retains original shape and size due to stored
energy in body.
 This energy which is absorbed in a body when strained
with in elastic limit is called as Strain Energy.
e.g. Springs
 The amount of strain energy stored in the body depends on type of
loading. i.e. axial load, bending load, shear load, torsional load etc.
 The Strain energy is always capable of doing some work.
Mathematically,
Strain Energy = Work done
41 Unit of Strain Energy :- N-m or Joule
Resilience or Strain Energy (U)
This is energy stored in the body with in elastic limit.

Proof Resilience (Umax)

This is Maximum strain energy which can be stored in the body
with in elastic limit.
𝜎2
Umax = . Volume
2𝐸

Modulus of Resilience (Ur)

This is Proof Resilience per unit Volume
𝜎2
Ur =
2𝐸

42
Strain Energy in member subjected to axial load

43
1. Stress Due to Gradually applied load
When a body is subjected to gradually applied load, the stresses increases from zero
to the maximum value gradually.
Let
P = Gradually applied load
∂L = Extension due to load
σ = Maximum Stress induced in the member

44
2. Stress Due to Suddenly applied load
When a load acting on body is sudden, the body gets deformed immediately after
applying load.
Let
P = Suddenly applied load
∂L = Extension due to load
σ = Maximum Stress induced in the member

45
3. Stress Due to Impact load

46
3. Stress Due to Impact load (Cont…..)

47
3. Stress Due to Impact load (Cont…..)

48
 Formulae for Strain Energy
𝝈𝟐
 Strain Energy or Proof Resilience U= .V N-mm
𝟐𝑬

𝝈𝟐
 Modulus of Resilience Ur = N/mm2
𝟐𝑬

𝑷
 Stress Due to Gradually applied load 𝝈= N/mm2
𝑨

𝟐𝑷
 Stress Due to Suddenly applied load 𝝈= N/mm2
𝑨

 Stress Due to Impact load

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50 9/3/2020