Linear Algebra & Differential Equations

Week-4
Lecture#4 (System of Linear Equations-2)
• Unit 4.1: Augmented /Coefficient/Constant Matrix
• Unit 4.2: Elementary Row Operations
• Unit 4.3: Row-Echelon Form Reduced Row
Echelon Form
• Unit 4.4: Rank of a Matrix
• Unit 4.5: Inverse of matrix using elementary row
operations
 System of Linear Equations
• The matrix derived from the constant terms of the system is the
• constant matrix of the system.

• x – 4y + 3z = 5
System: – x – 3y – z = –3 Augmented Matrix:
• 2x – 4z = 6

Coefficient Matrix: Constant Matrix:

 Elementary Row Operations:

• Elementary Row Operations:

An elementary row operation on an augmented matrix of a given

system of linear equations produces a new augmented matrix
corresponding to a new (but equivalent) system of linear equations.
Two matrices are row-equivalent when one can be obtained from
the other by a sequence of elementary row operations.
Example#1 – Elementary Row Operations
• a. Interchange the first and second rows of the original matrix.
• Original Matrix New Row-Equivalent Matrix

• b. Multiply the first row of the original matrix by

• Original Matrix New Row-Equivalent Matrix
Example#1 – Elementary Row Operations
• c. Add –2 times the first row of the original matrix to the third row.
Original Matrix New Row-Equivalent Matrix

• Note that the elementary row operation is written beside

the row that is changed.
Example#2– Elementary Row Operations
Example#2 – Elementary Row Operations
Row-Echelon and Reduced Row-Echelon Form
Example – Row-Echelon Form

• Determine whether each matrix is in row-echelon form. If it is,

• determine whether the matrix is in reduced row-echelon form.

• a. b.

• c. d.
 Example#1 – Row-Echelon Form

• e. f.
The matrix in (b) is not in row-echelon form because the row of all zeros does not occur at the bottom of
the matrix.

The matrix in (e) is not in row-echelon form because the first nonzero entry in Row 2 is not a leading 1.
The matrix in (b) is not in row-echelon form because the row of all zeros does not occur at the bottom of
the matrix.

The matrix in (e) is not in row-echelon form because the first nonzero entry in Row 2 is not a leading 1.
Example#2 – Row-Echelon Form
Example#2 – Row-Echelon Form
Example#2 – Row-Echelon Form
Example#3 – Row-Echelon Form
Example#3 – Row-Echelon Form
Example#4 –Reduced Row-Echelon Form
Example#5-Rank of a Matrix
 Inverse of matrix using elementary row operations.
• To find the inverse of a matrix using “elementary row operations”.
These operations are exactly the steps used in the “elimination”
process
for solving systems of equations. The idea here is that the three
elementary row operators: Switching rows Subtracting a constant
times one row from another row Multiplying an entire row by some
number
Inverse of matrix using elementary row operations.
Inverse of matrix using elementary row operations.
Thank you
Any Question?