M

U
E
T
JAMSHORO

Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

M
U
E
T
JAMSHORO

Dr. Larik
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
 Introduction to Course
 Introduction to Power System protection

M  Function of Switchgear
 Arc Phenomenon-Analysis of arc- Current zero
U interruption

E  Circuit breakers, their types, design details,

testing and maintenance
T  Fuses different types and applications- selection
JAMSHORO of fuses and determination of fuse characteristics
 Reactors and Busbar arrangement
Department
of
Electrical
 Protective relays, different types and their
Engineering characteristics
 Introduction to Course
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon successful completion of the course, the student
M will be able to:

U CLO
No.
Description Domain
Taxonomy
level
Linking to
PLOs

E
Discuss various causes of overvoltage Cognitive C2 1
1
resulting in insulation failure and identify
the protection against over voltages.

T Explain the working and construction of Cognitive C2

relays, fuses, reactors, surge arresters and
1
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circuit breakers

Department
Analysis and perform relay seeting Psychomo 3
of protection schemes for rotating machines, tor P5
Electrical  
Engineering
3
busbars, transformers and feeders and
perform the relay settings
 OVERVOLTAGES:
Causes of over voltages. Propagation of surges.
Determination of system voltages produced by
M travelling wave surges. Insulation co-ordination.

U Protection against lightning. Surge arresters and

diverters.
E
T FUSES:
Types of fuses. Selection of fuse material. Fuse
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performance. Main features of H.R.C fuses.

Department Selection and co-ordination of fuses.
of
Electrical
Engineering
 SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION AND
REACTORS:

M Short circuit calculation. Purpose reactors. Types

of reactors. Location of reactors. Selection of
U reactors.
E SWITCHGEAR:

T Arc phenomenon, initiation and extinction of arc.

JAMSHORO Arc recovery voltage and restriking voltage.
Classification of circuit breakers: oil circuit
Department breakers, Air blast circuit breakers, SF6 circuit
of
Electrical
Engineering
breakers, Vacuum circuit breakers. Metal clad
switch gears. H.V. load breaking switches.
 RELAYS:
Protection relays. Fundamental requirement of
protective relaying. Operation and principle of
M Electromagnetic, Electromechanical and Static
Relays. Microprocessor controlled relaying
U system.

E PROTECTIONSCHEMES:
T Overcurrent, ground fault, Differential
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Protection. Distance protection, Unit protection
Department
schemes. Generator protection. Motor protection.
of
Electrical
Power transformer and feeder protection. Bus
Engineering
bar protection, Protection level versus cost
 Recommended Books:
 Protection and Switchgear by: S.K Rao

 Elements of Power system by: V.K.Mehta

M  Practical Power System Protection by: L.G. Hewitson et.al

U Protection and Switchgear By: U.A.Bakshi



E
 Protective Relay Principles by:Anthony F. Sleva

 Protection of generators, transformers, generator-transformer units

T and transformer feeders

by J.Rushton, revised by K.G.M.Mewes
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Fundamentals of Power System Protection.. PHI, Latest Edition
Y.G. Paithankar, S.R.
Department ,
of
Electrical Power System Protection and Switchgear.
Engineering
Badri Ram
 Power-system protection is a branch of
electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems
from faults through the disconnection of faulted parts
M from the rest of the electrical network.

U The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the

E power system stable by isolating only the
components that are under fault, whilst leaving as
T much of the network as possible still in operation.
Thus, protection schemes must apply a
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very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing

Department
system faults. The devices that are used to protect the
of
Electrical power systems from faults are called protection
Engineering
devices.
 Without discriminative protection it would be impossible
to operate a modern power system. The protection is
needed to remove faults as quick as possible to avoid
three main effects of the fault:
M 1.Generators lose synchronism and fall out of step with
U consequent splitting of the system.
2.A risk of damage to the affected plant.
E 3.A risk of damage to healthy plant.

T For high voltage networks or transmission systems, it is

the function of the protective equipment, in association
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with the CBs, to prevent these effects.
In the lower voltage distribution systems, “ the primary
Department
of function of the protection is to maintain continuity of
Electrical
Engineering supply ”.
NNS/PSP1/EC10
 To achieve this, the protective system must be able
to:
a. Detect an abnormal condition in an electrical circuit

M or piece of equipment

U b. Identify the location of fault

E c. Isolate the faulty section of the circuit or the faulty

T
equipment with disturbing healthy network.

JAMSHORO

Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
 If the protection operates correctly to avert the
effects mentioned above; it must be so,
because the ultimate aim is to provide 100%
M continuity of supply.

U This aim cannot be achieved by protection

alone. The power system and the distribution
E system must be designed to have duplicate
T outlets from power sources to load centers, at
least two sources of supply (feeders) to each
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distribution station.
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering

12
NNS/PSP1/EC
 The protection must be highly selective in its
functioning, that means it must posses the
quality of discrimination, by virtue of which it
M is able to select and to disconnect only the
faulty element in the power system, leaving all
U others in normal operation.

E The art and skill lie in selecting the faulty one,

T bearing in mind that many circuits –
generators, transformers, feeders – are
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usually affected.
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
 Why do we need to control?
• Control actions needed
• Automatic
M – Equipment Protection
U --Disonnection at fault
– Voltage control
E Move a tapchanger in a transformer
T • Human intervention
– Frequency control
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• Increase output in hydro plant

Department
of
– Voltage control
Electrical
Engineering • Connect capacitor bank
 What can we control?

• Breakers

M
• Valves
• Tap changers

U
• Switches
• Drives

E
• ……

T
JAMSHORO All done using Relays

Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
 FAULT (Equipment)
 A fault in an electrical equipment is defined as a defect in the

M
electrical circuit due to which current is diverted from the intended
path.

U
 A physical condition that causes a device, to fail to perform in a
required manner, for example, a short circuit, a broken wire, an
intermittent connection. [IEEE DIC]
E  Any abnormal condition which causes a reduction in the basic
insulation strength between phase conductors or between phase to
T earth or any earthed screen surrounding the conductors.
Actually reduction of insulation strength is not considered as a fault
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until it results either excessive current or in the reduction of
impedance between conductors or between conductors and earth
Department to a value below that of the lowest load impedance normal to the
of
Electrical circuit.
Engineering
 FAULT STATISTICS
% Causes Of Faults
CAUSES % OF
TOTAL

M
1. Lightning 12
2. Sleet, wind, mechanical (jumping conductors) 20

U
3. Apparatus failure 20
4. Switching to a fault 20

E
5. Miscellaneous (tree falling on line, birds, etc..) 28
Frequency of fault occurrence in
EQUIPMENT power system % OF TOTAL

T Overhead lines
Cables
50
10
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Transformers 10
Switchgear 15
Department
of Control equipment 3
Electrical
Engineering Instrument transformers (CTs & PTs) 2
Miscellaneous 10
 TYPES OF FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEM

The most dangerous fault, that occurs in a power system is the

short circuit. In 3 – phase ac power networks, the SC faults can be
classified as;

M 1.Single phase to ground (L – G) 70%

U 2.Phase to phase (L – L )
3.Two phases to ground (L – L – G)
5%
10%

E 4.Phase to phase and third phase to ground 2 or 3%

T
5.Three phase to ground (L – L – L – G) 2 or 3%
6.Three phase short circuited (L – L – L) 2 or 3%
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 First 4 types are unsymmetrical and give rise to

unsymmetrical currents (different magnitude of currents in 3 -
Department
of
phases)
Electrical
Engineering  The last 2 types are symmetrical and give rise to symmetrical
currents (equal fault currents in 3 - phases)
 M
U THANKS
E
T
JAMSHORO

Department
of
Electrical
Engineering