HUMAN ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING

REST AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Energy Expenditure

Rest metabolic rate

• Generally, total
energy expenditure
consists of three
components: Increased energy expenditure with food
intake

Energy expenditure due to physical activity

or muscular activity
Resting Metabolic Rate
• It is the most basic component.
• It is called the minimum amount of energy required for the body to maintain its
vital functions while awake.
• It constitutes 60-75% of the total energy expenditure.
Basal Metabolic Rate
• The measurement is made when hungry.
• Eat at least 12 hours before the measurement.
• Thus, it does not lead to an increase in metabolism for the energy required for
digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• To reduce other calorie intake effects, the person must be relatively inactive
before the reduced metabolic rate test.
• After resting for 30 minutes in the supine position in a comfortable environment,
the oxygen consumption is done by measuring for 10 minutes.
• Oxygen consumption values during basal metabolic rate testing range from 160-
290 ml / min (0.8-1.43 kcal / min) depending on body size.
Metabolism at Rest

Effect of Body Size:

Resting energy metabolism is
proportional to the body surface
Gender:
The resting metabolism of women
is 5-10% less than that of men. This
is because the fat tissue is more.
• When the basal metabolic rate is multiplied by the person's body surface, the
metabolic rate per hour is estimated.

• It constitutes the basic information in determining the daily energy consumption

rate and appropriate calorie intake level.
Predicting Daily Energy Expenditure
• The basal metabolic rate predicted for a 55-year-old woman is 32 kcal / m2 / hour.
• If the body surface is 1.40 m2, energy expenditure would be 44.8 kcal (32 kcal x
1.40 m2) per hour.
• Taken daily, this makes 1075 kcal (44.8 kcal x 24).
Factors Affecting the Energy Expenditure

Physical activity

Dietary thermogenesis

Climate

Pregnancy

Lactation
1. Physical Activity
• The most important factor affecting energy expenditure is activity.
• Prolonged aerobic exercise, such as swimming and running, can increase the
metabolic rate by 10 times.
2. Dietary thermogenesis
• Energy metabolism increases for the job of digesting and absorbing various
nutrients.
• This diet is called thermogenesis-specific dynamic activity effect (SDA).
• 10% of the total energy.
• The magnitude of this effect varies between 10-35%, depending on the amount
and type of food eaten.
• For proteins, there is an SDA effect of up to 25% of total calories. The reason is
that in digestion, especially the liver needs extra energy to digest amino acids.
Exercise-Calogenic Effect
• Exercise increases the effect of SDA.

• At rest, the SDA response rises to 28% of basal requirement, and after exercise,
the SDA value rises to 56% of basal requirement.
Exercise-SDA Effect
• The increased SDA effect with exercise can adversely affect endurance
performance, as O2 should meet the needs of working muscles.

• SDA effect can be eliminated by eating before the matches.

• But in this case, he participates in encountering insufficient energy sources

especially in terms of glycogen.
3. Climate
• It affects the metabolic rate in environmental factors.
• Basal metabolic rate in the tropical region is 5-20%
higher.
• High internal temperature, increase in sweat gland
activity is due to changing circulation dynamics.
• In very cold environments, the amount of increase in
energy metabolism during exercise largely depends
on the amount of fat in the person and what they
wear.
4. Pregnancy
• There was no change in weight-supported
exercise (cycling) during pregnancy.
• It indicates that pregnancy does not cause
physiological stress other than excess weight
gain.
Physical Activity
• Energy expenditure due to physical activity or muscular activity is the most
important source of interpersonal difference.

• 20-30% of total energy expenditure.

What is Physical Activity?
• Body movements caused by contraction of skeletal muscles that increase
energy expenditure above the basal level.

• All activities that increase energy expenditure are known as physical activity.
Types of Physical Activity
Work

House and home environment activities

Personal care

Leisure, sports and recreational activities

Exercise training

It can be divided into subtitles such as transportation.

Exercise
• Exercise is defined as a subcategory
of physical activity.
• Exercise is planned and repetitive
physical activity aimed at maintaining
or improving one or more
components of physical fitness.
• The difference in sports is that there
is a competition environment.
Physical Fitness

• Cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal

muscle endurance, strength,
strength, speed, flexibility,
adequacy, balance, and physical
activity, including reaction time,
are vivid and energetic.
Factors Affecting Physical Activity
• Demographic and biological factors: Age, job status, having a child, education,
gender, heredity, high risk for heart disease, socioeconomic status, injury history,
marital status, obesity, race.
• Psychological, cognitive and emotional factors: Enjoying exercise, intention,
knowledge about exercise, lack of time, belief, personality changes, weak body
structure, psychological health, self-confidence, motivation, stress.
• Behavioral qualities and skills: Activity story in childhood and adulthood, alcohol,
contemporary exercise program, nutritional habits, past exercise program, school
sports, skills to deal with obstacles, smoking, A type personality pattern.
• Social and cultural factors: Social class, exercise models, group harmony, past
family effects, doctor's effects, social isolation, social support from family and
friends.
• Physical environmental factors: Utilization of services, lighting, season / weather,
cost of programs, aesthetic appearance of the environment and the landscape,
heavy traffic, home equipment, presence of recreational areas and easy
transportation, security, the ground where physical activity is performed.
• Characteristics of physical activity: Severity, perceived effort.
Physical Activity Types
Physical activity has 4 features to know:

Type
Intensity
Frequency
Time
Physical Activity Types
• Aerobic
• Resistant (Strengthening)

• Intermittent / Continuous
Intensity of Physical Activity

• It is expressed in units of MET or kcal.

• A MET is a ratio of your working metabolic rate relative to your resting metabolic
rate. Metabolic rate is the rate of energy expended per unit of time. It’s one way to
describe the intensity of an exercise or activity.
• Met is the multiples of the resting metabolic rate.
• MET is expressed as the required oxygen consumption per unit of body weight
(ml / kg / min).
• 1 MET rest equals oxygen consumption (200-250ml O2).
• 1 MET = 3.5 ml / kg / min.
 Mild <3 MET

Medium intensity 3-6 MET

Severe 6-8 MET

Very severe> 8 MET

Frequency of Physical Activity
• 5 days of week

• In order for the activity to be beneficial to health, it must continue for life.
Time of Physical Activity
• It is based on age and intensity.
• It should usually contain 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity per week.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
Criteria Methods

1. Direct observation
2. Direct calorimeter
3. Indirect calorimeter
4. Double layer water method
Direct Observation
• It is a direct behavioral observation of motor activities by an experienced observer.
It is one of the earliest evaluation methods used.
• It is expensive in terms of its application in large-scale studies and requires a lot of
time.
Direct Calorimeter
• It is the energy expenditure assessed by measuring heat production or heat loss.
• It is not preferred in research because it is not suitable for practical application, it
can not be applied in large populations, it is an expensive and difficult method.
• It takes place in a thermally isolated calorimeter that does not leak air.
• Water coils with a known volume at a certain temperature circulate around the
room. The circulating water absorbs the heat emitted and produced by the
individual.
• Thus, any change in water temperature is related to the individual's energy
metabolism.
• Direct calorimeter is considered as the most suitable measurement method.
• But the room big enough for people is too expensive.
• The measurement is very complex.
 Indirect Calorimeter
• It is the measurement of heat production or the energy expenditure found by
measuring oxygen and / or carbon dioxide production.

FOOD + O2 HEAT + CO2 + ENERGY

Indirect Calorimeter Direct Calorimeter
• The most common method is the open-circuit spirometer.
• The volume of inspired air is measured.
• O2 and CO2 contents are analyzed from the amount of gas that the person
expresses.
• From the results, VO2 and VCO2 are calculated by computer.
Double Layer Water Method
• Using two stable isotopes (2H2O and H218O), urine is continuously measured for
several weeks or days. It can calculate the rate of carbon dioxide production — the
reflection in the speed of people's energy production over time.

• According to body weight, those who participated in the study included a certain
amount of these isotopes. A mass spectrometer is used to find the amount of
isotope that is not metabolized in the urine.

• Although this technique provides objective data with little effort, it is insufficient in
distinguishing the types of activities performed.
Objective Methods

1. Heart Rate Monitoring

2. Pedometer
3. Accelerometer
4. Stabilometric
Heart Rate Monitoring
• There is a strong positive relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure
during aerobic exercise.
• It is low cost. It is noninvasive. Thanks to technological advances, it can store heart
rate recording information for days or weeks.
• The most important disadvantage is that the heart rate-energy expenditure curve
must be calibrated for each person.
• The other is the relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure for rest
and low-intensity physical activities.
 Pedometer
• Calculates the number of steps.
• Detects vertical oscillations, measures
running or walking distance.
• These steps are translated into distance
when the average human foot length is
recorded on the pedometer.
• It cannot accurately record movements
such as cycling, swimming, upper limb
movements, weight bearing or climbing.
Accelerometer

• Piezoelectric transducers and microprocessors are used to determine the direction

and magnitude of acceleration.
• There is a linear relationship between accelerometer records and energy
expenditure. Three-dimensional accelerometers are sufficient to track all
movements.
• The advantages of the accelerometer are that it is suitable for free living
conditions, can be recorded for a long time, can be used for the measurement of a
specific activity, and it is light.
Subjective Methods

Diary
Record
Survey