MODELS OF MEMORY

III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory

e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS

Wilder Penfield—He electrically stimulated

the brains of his patients.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
These findings suggest that there may be at
least two separate explicit memory systems.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS

Endel Tulving (1972) proposed a

distinction between two kinds of explicit
memory.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
Semantic memory—stores general world
knowledge.

Episodic memory—stores personally

experienced events or episodes.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
A neuroscientific model called HERA (hemispheric
encoding/retrieval asymmetry)

According to this model, there is greater activation in

the left than in the right prefrontal hemisphere for
tasks requiring retrieval from semantic memory(Nyberg,
Cabeza, & Tulving, 1996; Tulving et al., 1994).
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
In contrast, there is more activation in the right
than in the left prefrontal hemisphere for
episodic- retrieval tasks.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
TAXONOMY OF THE MEMORY SYSTEM
• Declarative (explicit) memory
• Non-declarative memory
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
MEMORY AND THE BRAIN by M. K. Johnson

Memory is a mental experience that is taken to be a

veridical (truthful) representation of an event from
one’s past.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
MEMORY AND THE BRAIN by M. K. Johnson
Source monitoring errors include many types of
confusions, for example, attributing something that was
imagined to perception, an intention to an action,
something only heard about to something one witnessed,
something read in a tabloid to a television news program, or
an incident that occurred in place A or at time A to place B
or time B.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
MEMORY AND THE BRAIN by M. K. Johnson

False Memory – is a fabricated or distorted

recollection of an event.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
e. MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS
MEMORY AND THE BRAIN by M. K. Johnson

Neuroimaging (e.g., functional magnetic

resonance imaging [fMRI])
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
f. A CONNECTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
The network model provides the structural basis for
the connectionist parallel distributed processing (PDP)
model. It is the activation of one node may prompt
activation of a connected node.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
f. A CONNECTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
A prime is a node that activates a connected node.
A priming effect is the resulting activation of the node.
The priming effect has been supported by considerable
evidence.
 MODELS OF MEMORY
III. An Integrative Model: Working Memory
f. A CONNECTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
CONNECTIONIST NETWORK
Connectionism (Connectionist Networks) – theory
that memory is stored throughout the brain in
connections between neurons.
Spreading activation—the theory of how the brain
iterates through a network of associated ideas to
retrieve specific information.
 MODELS OF MEMORY

Connectionist Network
 MODELS OF MEMORY
Parallel Distributed Processing Model
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists
II. Deficient Memory
Amnesia
Alzheimer’s Disease
III. How are Memories Stored?
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists
Mnemonics- the study and development
of systems for improving and assisting
the memory.
Mnemonic device or memory device—is any
learning technique that aids information retention or
retrieval (remembering) in the human memory.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
Mnemonic devices that you can use:
Acronyms—using a word formed from
the first letters or groups of letters in a
name or phrase.
Rhyme—saying words that has similar
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
Mnemonic devices that you can use:
Chunking –breaking down larger information
into smaller.
Imagery – Using of visual image to memorize.
Method of Loci – associating word with one
of your location.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
Mnemonist—someone who
demonstrates extraordinarily keen
memory ability, usually based on
using special techniques for memory
enhancement
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS

Shereshevskii or “S”– most famous

mnemonist, he relied heavily on the
mnemonic of visual imagery.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS

V.P.—Russian immigrant could memorize

long strings of material, such as rows and
columns of numbers.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
S.F.—He remembered long strings of
numbers by segmenting them into
groups of three or four digits each. He
then encoded them into running times
for different races.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
Synesthesia—is the experience
of sensations in a sensory
modality different from the sense
that has been physically
stimulated.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS

YOU CAN BE A MEMORY CHAMPION, TOO!!!

 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
If you are unable to retrieve a memory that
you need, does it mean that you have
forgotten it?
Hypermnesia—a process of producing
retrieval of memories that would seem to
have been forgotten.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
Hypermnesia—achieved by trying
many and diverse retrieval cues to
unearth a memory.
Psychodynamic Therapy—sometimes
helps to achieve hypermnesia.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
I. OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS

Psychodynamic Therapy—This therapy

also points out the risk of trying to
achieve hypermnesia.
 EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY AND
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
II. DEFICIENT MEMORY
AMNESIA—severe loss of explicit memory.
Retrograde Amnesia—lose purposeful
memory for events prior to whatever trauma
induces memory loss. Mild forms can occur
fairly commonly when someone sustains a
concussion.