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Optical
Power
laser
Optical power
Spontaneous
Emission
I
LED JTH
Optical power
In conclusion about the
homojunction laser….
The main problem with the homojunction laser diode is that the threshold
current density, Jth is far too high for practical applications.
JTH increases with temperature, too high at room temperature, not
continuous but pulsed laser output.
Homojunction laser has:
Poor optical
Less carrier confinement
If Jth is low: improve rate of stimulated emission & improve efficiency of
optical cavity
To get low Jth:
Confined carriers in a narrow region carrier confinement
Build dielectric waveguide around the optical gain region (increase photon
concentration hence stimulated emission) photon confinement
How do we achieve that?
heterostructured laser diodes
The Heterojunction Laser
Single & Double
Metal GaAs sandwiched
contact (+) between the higher band
gap AlGaAs
n GaAlAs
1m p GaAs N GaAs
n GaAlAs
p GaAlAs
p GaAs
P GaAlAs
Metal GaAs sandwiched between
contact (-) the higher band gap AlGaAs.
GaAs is the active region
N-p-P where lasing takes place N-n-p-P
Homojunction laser
(a) A double
n p p heterostructure diode has
two junctions which are
(a ) AlGaAs GaAs AlGaAs between two different
bandgap semiconductors
(~0.1 m) (GaAs and AlGaAs).
Electrons in CB Ec
Ec (b) Simplified energy
Ec
2 eV
band diagram under a
2 eV
1.4 eV large forward bias.
Lasing recombination
(b) Ev takes place in the p-
Ev GaAs layer, the
active layer
Holes in VB
L
Stripe electrode
Oxide insulator
p-GaAs (Contacting layer)
p-AlxGa1-xAs (Confining layer)
p-GaAs (Active layer)
n-AlxGa1-xAs (Confining layer) 2 1 3
Current
Substrate
n-GaAs (Substrate)
Substrate
paths
Electrode