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Thevenin Theorem
Thevenin Theorem
R1 R2
15 V 100 20 13 V
V1 10 R3 V2
R2//R3 = 6.6666
R1 R2
15 V 100 20
V2 shorted
V1 10 R3
15 V 100 20 13 V
V1 10 R3 V2
R1//R3 = 9.099
R1 R2
100 20 13 V
V1 shorted V2
10 R3
R1 R2
15 V 100 20 13 V
V1 V2
0.094 A 0.406 A
With V2 shorted
REQ = 106.7 , IT = 0.141 A and IR3 = 0.094 A
With V1 shorted
REQ = 29.09 , IT = 0.447 A and IR = 0.406 A
3
15 V 100 20 13 V
V1 10 R3 V2
0.5 A
RTh
VTh
PORT
E T H R 4
E
R 2 R 4
b
b
R 1 x R 3
R T H ' x R 3
E E T H '
R 2 R 4 R 4
y y
PROCEDURE
1. Open-circuit the terminals with respect to which the Thevenin
circuit is desired, i.e. remove all of the circuitry that will not be
replaced by a Thevenin equivalent, leaving the terminals where it
was connected open-circuited
2. The Thevenin equivalent resistance, RTH, is the total resistance at
the open-circuited terminals when all voltage sources are
replaced by short circuits and all current sources are replaced by
open circuits
3. The Thevenin equivalent voltage, VTH, is the voltage across the
open circuited terminals. We can use superposition to calculate
this
PROCEDURE
Note: independent voltage sources are short circuited and independent current
sources are open circuited. Dependent sources will remain in the circuit.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM D.C. NETWORK
PROCEDURE FOR CONVERTING ANY CIRCUIT INTO
THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND ITS
CALCULATIONS:
Step 1: Identify and temporarily remove the resistance (load resistance R L) through
which current is required. Suppose these terminals are label as a-b. Therefore a- b
is the open circuited.
Step 2: Find the voltage across the terminal a-b by applying KCL, KVL, Ohm’s law
or Superposition principle. This voltage is the open circuit voltage (V oc) and it is
known as Thevenin’s equivalent voltage (Vth).
Step 3: Set all voltage Sources short circuited and Current Sources open circuited
Step 4: Calculate the resistance as “seen” through the terminals a-b into the
network. This resistance is known as Thevenin’s equivalent resistance (R th).
Step 5: Replace the entire network by Thevenin’s equivalent voltage (V th) in series
with Thevenin’s equivalent resistance (Rth).
Step 6: Reconnect the previously removed resistance (load resistance R L) to this
circuit.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM D.C. NETWORK
Step 7: Calculate the Current through load resistance RL
a
IL
Rth IL
a
Linear, Active,
Bilateral RL RL
Vth
Network
b
Fig. (1a) b
Thevenin’s Equivalent
Network
Fig. (1b)
THEVENIN’S THEOREM D.C. NETWORK
EXAMPLE: Find the current, voltage drop and power loss across the 5 ohm resistor
by applying the Thevenin’s theorem (as shown in fig. 2)
2 ohm 3 ohm 5V
12 V 4 ohm 5 ohm
Fig. 2
12 V I 4 ohm Vth
b
Fig. 2a
THEVENIN’S THEOREM D.C. NETWORK
Apply KVL in LHS mesh:
12 - 2I - 4I = 0
I = 2A
Apply KVL in RHS mesh :
- Vth + 4I -3I -5 = 0 Put I = 2A
Vth = -3V
STEP 2: Calculation of Rth
2 ohm 3 ohm
a
4 ohm
Rth
b
Fig. 2b
2 and 4 ohm resistance are in parallel and this combination is in series with 3
ohm resistor.
2*4
R th
2 3 4.33
4
THEVENIN’S THEOREMD.C. NETWORK
STEP 3: Draw the Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit
Vth = 3
STEP 4: Connect 5 ohm resistor in the circuit as shown in fig.2d and calculate “ i ”
Rth = 4.33 ohm
i
Vth = 3 RL = 5 ohm
Fig.2d 3 3
i Vth 0.322A
RL 4.33 5 9.33
Rth
i 0.322A
THEVENIN’S THEOREMD.C. NETWORK
Fig. Disconnect RL to find VAB of −8 V. (c) With source V short-circuited, RAB is 2 + 2.4 = 4.4 Ω.
10-4: Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
R T H
IN
E T H R R N R L
L
28