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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI- 590018

“ FREE SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION”


A Technical seminar review submitted in partial fulfilment of the required for the degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E)
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

BASAVARAJ A N
1SK18EC401
Under the guidance of

Nandini V L
Professor, Department of ECE

GOVT. SRI KRISHNARAJENDRA SILVER JUBILEE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE


Bengaluru- 560100
2020-2021
CONTENTS
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 FSO-NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
 WORKING
 WHY FREE SPACE OPTICS ??
 WHY FREE SPACE OPTICS INSTEAD OF RADIO FREQUENCY
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 COMPARISON OF FSO WITH DIFFERENT
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 APPLICATIONS
 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
 FUTURE SCOPE
 CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT

Free Space Optics (FSO) or Optical Wireless communication.

Free space optics (FSO) is a line-of-sight technology .

FSO system can carry full duplex data

The key towards our vision is the use of FSO technology which
in contrast to traditional wireless of RF technologies has lower
interference footprint, can support longer range and offers higher
bandwidth.

 This system can be used for communication in lesser economy.


INTRODUCTION
 Free Space Optics (FSO)

 Free space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication

technology that uses light propagation.

 FSO was originally developed by NASA.

 It works on the principle of “Total internal reflection”.

 FSO requires either light emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers (Light

amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).

 Operating wavelength range 780-1600nm.


BASIC DIAGRAM OF FSO
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Source LASER TRANSMIT


MODULATOR DRIVER
DIODE OPTICS

Transmitter

ATMOSPHERIC
CHANNEL

PHOTO RECEIVE
DEMODULATOR AMPLIFIER
DETECTOR OPTICS
Destination

Receiver
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
 Source generates the information that has to be communicated over the optical wireless system.

 The modulator, Using different modulation techniques, modulates the data for transmission.

 The optical light source can be of two types- Light Emitting Diode (LED) or Laser Diode (LD).

 The transmitter and receiver are configured to deliver and receive optical signals propagating in free space.

 Transmitter converts incoming electrical signal from driver circuit into optical form to be transmitted over the
atmospheric channel.

 Receiver side contains a photo detector which converts the received optical signal to electrical form again which can
then be amplified or processed.

 Modulation and demodulation of the signal takes place in electrical form .

 Received signal is demodulated and produced in the desired form to the destination.
FSO ARCHITECTURE

 Point to point Architecture


 Mesh Architecture
 Point to multipoint Architecture

 Point to point architecture is a dedicated connection


that offers higher bandwidth but is less scalable.
 Mesh architecture may offer redundancy and high
reliability with easy node addition but restrict distances
more than the other options.
 Point to multipoint architecture offers cheaper
connections and facilitates node addition but at the
expanse of lower bandwidth than the point to point
option.
WORKING
WHY FREE SPACE OPTICS??
Why FSO instead of RF??
ADVANTAGES

License-free long-range operation (in contrast with radio communication)

Low maintenance/costs as compared to fiber networks

Low bit error rates (BER) and high bit rate speed rates

Full duplex operation

Secure data

The system is immune to EM (Electromagnetic) interference


DISADVANTAGES

For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting factors are:


Beam dispersion, Atmospheric absorption,
Rain, Fog, Snow (10-100dB/km attenuation), Pollution.
Light interference affects the system
High launch power can cause eye hazards
Power consumption is higher
Low power source requires high sensitive receivers
Limited distance
COMPARISON OF FSO WITH DIFFERENT
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Parameter FSO Optical Fiber Microwave radio Coaxial cable

Maintenance Low Low Low Moderate


Spectrum license Not required Required Required Required

Installation Moderate Difficult Difficult Moderate

Data rate Gbps Independent Mbps Mbps


Security Good Good Poor Good
P2P, P2MP short and P2P, P2MP short and Multidrop short reach
Connectivity long reach long reach P2P short reach

Applications Between buildings Point-to-point Navigation Computer networks


More antenna gain is Less susceptible to
Advantages Price/Performance Not susceptible to EMI interference
possible

Disadvantages Terrestrial applications Difficult to terminate Electromagnetic interference Bulky


APPLICATIONS
• Telecommunication and computer networking
• Metro area networks (MAN)
• Video conferencing
• Military applications
• Backhaul
• For communications between spacecraft,
including elements of satellite constellation
• Security applications
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
CHALLENGES & SOLUTIONS
Fog: The Primary challenge to FSO. The water droplets in fog can completely hinder the passage of light
by absorption, scattering and reflection. Dealing with fog is known as Mie Scattering.
This can overcome by a network design with short FSO link distances.

Absorption: Absorption occurs when water molecules in the atmosphere extinguish


light(photons), leading to a decrease in the power density of the FSO and directly affects the
availability of the system. Absorption occurs more readily at some wavelengths than others.
Absorption can be overcome by using appropriate power, based on atmospheric
conditions, and use of spatial diversity helps to maintain the required level of network
availability.
Scattering: Light scattering can drastically impact the performance of FSO systems.
Multiple beams and network redundancies can combat this.
Physical obstructions: Flying birds or construction cranes can temporarily block single-beam FSO systems.
Optical wireless products using multi-beam systems are used for better performance.

Scintillation: Heated air rising from the earth or man-made devices such as heating ducts create temperature variations among
different air pockets. This can cause fluctuations in signal amplitude which leads to “image dancing” at the FSO- based receiver end.

The scintillation affects on FSO can be tackled by multi-beam systems approach exploiting multiple regions of space-this approach is
called as spatial diversity.

Solar interference: It can be combated by Optical narrowband filtering


FUTURE SCOPE
 FSO is also likely to play an important role in the future of quantum
information networks. Therefore, FSO systems and networks are also
likely to play a significant role in providving the way toward a global
secure quantum Internet.
 The major problem of FSO system is its effect to weather since its
transmitted data through the air. Various weather conditions can affect the
performance of FSO Link, most likely known weather phenomena are
scattering and Turbulence which causes attenuation in the transmitted
signal those results in high bit error rate or signal loss at the receiver end.
 As noticed in research this issues can be encountered by
reducing the attenuations that effect by the weather, the transmitting of
the data will be more efficient and losses will be low. From this
enhancement, the technology can be used widely in the future. 
 Improvements in laser technology.
CONCLUSION
 FSO technology will be good alternative for the fixed wireless broadband communications.
 It provides high bandwidth near to the optical fiber capacity, short time installation and low
cost.
 FSO is now a viable choice for connecting the LAN, WAN and MAN carrying voice, video
and data at the speed of light.
 The growing requirements for efficient and secure communications has led to an increased
interest in FSO communication.
 For future short range applications, FSO provides a promising and viable supplemental
technology to wireless systems and optical fiber.
Thank you…..! 😊

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