Professional Documents
Culture Documents
spectrum analyzers
Thomas Hasenpusch
Federal Network Agency
Germany
www.bundesnetzagentur.de
Types of available Spectrum Analyzers
Sweeping Analyzer
Scans the desired frequency range with a narrow filter
FFT Analyzer
Captures the time signal and calculates spectrum
mathematically
2
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Sweeping Analyzer: Principle in Theory
3
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Sweeping Analyzer: Realization of Principle
IF f
4
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Sweeping Analyzer: Simplified Block
Diagram
Resolution
Centre Bandwidth (RBW) Detector
Detector
frequency
Local
Oscillator
Trace
Mode
Display
Span,
Sawtooth Sweep time
Generator
5
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Sweeping Analyzer: RBW
3dB „dip“
6
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Sweeping Analyzer: Envelope Detector
Video signal
A
7
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Sweeping Analyzer: Detectors
Average level
RMS level
t
Pixel 1 Pixel 2
A
peak
AV
RMS
sample
8
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
FFT: Theory
Amplitude
Amplitude
0,0 0,00 1,0
9
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
FFT Analyzer: Principle
RF in
X A/D DSP
Low Pass Memory FFT
FIF 0 fRF
Display
10
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
FFT: Problems and issues
Spectrum 1: Spectrum 2:
Display Display
time
blind time blind time
A A A
f f f
12
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Important levels of digital signals
AV burst
level
burst t
duration
13
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Bandwidth Measurement (Direct Method)
99%
100%
0.5% 0.5%
f
OBW
Span (100%)
14
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Level Measurement: Procedure With
Sweeping Analyzer (1)
Peak level:
Span ≥ signal bandwidth or zero span
RBW ≥ signal bandwidth
Detector: peak
MaxHold
Read highest level with Marker
RMS-level:
Span ≥ signal bandwidth
Narrow RBW (span/display points)
Detector = RMS or sample
ClearWrite
Channel Power measurement function
If reading is instable: increase sweep time (never use MaxHold!)
15
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Level Measurement: Procedure With
Sweeping Analyzer (2)
AV-burst level:
Span = zero span
RBW ≥ signal bandwidth RBW 30 kHz Marker 1 [T1 ]
measurement -60
16
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Level Measurement: Procedure with FFT
Analyzer (1)
Peak level:
Capture bandwidth = signal bandwidth
Time domain analysis
Select shortest possible acquisition time
MaxHold over multiple acquisitions or amplitude vs. time
together with long analysis time
Read highest value
RMS level:
Capture bandwidth ≥ signal bandwidth
Channel power function
Long acquisition time or average over multiple short acquisition
times
If reading is instable: increase acquisition time or number of
averages
17
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Level Measurement: Procedure with FFT
Analyzer (2)
AV-burst level:
Capture bandwidth ≥ signal bandwidth
Trigger analysis on burst start
Channel power function
Acquisition time (or analysis time) = burst time
analysis time
acquisition time
18
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Level Measurement Under Low S/N Ratios
0 dB
-1 dB
-2 dB
RMS
-3 dB AV
Peak
-4 dB
-5 dB
-6 dB
-7 dB
0 dB 5 dB 10 dB 15 dB 20 dB 25 dB 30 dB
measured S+N / N
19
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21
Literature
20
Thomas Hasenpusch, Bundesnetzagentur 07/08/21