Design

Design
Total
Total Flooding
Flooding
CO2 Design Methods

Total
Total Flood
Flood
•• Surface
Surface Fire
Fire
•• Deep
Deep Seated
Seated Fire
Fire

Local
Local Application
Application
•• Rate
Rate xx Area
Area
•• Rate
Rate xx Volume
Volume
CO2 Design Methods

Total
Total Flood
Flood
•• Pounds
Pounds (kgs)
(kgs) required
required

Local
Local Application
Application
•• Flow
Flow Rates
Rates
Total Flood

Total
Total Flood
Flood

 Surface
Surface Fires
Fires
Total Flood Surface Fires
Hazard Volume
 Determine by physically measuring
the enclosure due allowance may be
made for permanent non-removable
 impermeable structures materially
reducing the volume
Total Flood Surface Fires
Minimum Design Concentration
 34 %
 Design concentration shall be
achieved within 1 minute.
Total Flood Surface Fires
CO2 Quantity
 Basic requirement = 34 % 1
+ Adjustment for ...
 Material conversion factor 2
 Loss through unclosable openings 3
 Loss due to ventilation 4
 High / low temperature allowance 5
---------------------------------------
= CO2 quantity
Total Flood Surface Fires
Minimum design concentration for
specific materials
Total Flood Surface Fires
Volume Factor (Flooding Factor) 1
As the average, small space has
proportionately more boundary area per
enclosed volume than a larger space.
2 x 2.5 x 3 15 m³ 37 m² 1 : 2.47
10 x 5 x 3 150 m³ 190 m² 1 : 1.27
30 x 20 x 4 2400 m³ 1600 m² 1 : 0.67

Greater proportionate leakages are

anticipated and accounted for by the
graded volume factors in Tables
2-3.3(a) and 2-3.3(b).
Total Flood Surface Fires
Volume Factor (Flooding Factor) 1
Total Flood Surface Fires
Volume Factor (Flooding Factor) 1
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Material Conversion Factor 2
Materials requiring a
design concentration > 34 %

Q*CO2 x appropriate conversion factor

* basic quantity calculated

from the volume factor
(table 2-3.3)
Total Flood Surface Fires
Material Conversion Factor 2
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Unclosable Openings 3
CO2 loss shall be compensated for
by an additional quantity equal to the
anticipated loss during a 1-minute
periode.
IfIf the
the quantity
quantity of
of carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide
required
required forfor compensation
compensation exceeds
exceeds H
the
the basic
basic quantities
quantities required
required for
for A [ft²]
flooding
flooding without
without leakage,
leakage, the
the
system
system shall
shall be
be permitted
permitted toto be
be
designed
designed for for local
local application.
application.
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Unclosable Openings 3
CO2 Loss = A x Q*Leakage x 0.5**

H
A [ft²]

* Leakage rate [lb CO2/min-ft²] (table 2-3.3)

** Use only 1/2 of total area presuming fresh air enter
top half of opening, CO2 escapes out bottom half.
Total Flood Surface Fires
Unclosable Openings 3
Leakage Rate / NFPA Fig. A-2-3(b)

H
Total Flood Surface Fires
Ventilation 4
Where forced-air ventilating systems are involved, they
preferably shall be shut down or closed, or both, before or
simultaneously with the start of the carbon dioxide discharge,
or additional compensating gas shall be provided.
For ventilating systems that cannot be shut down, additional
carbon dioxide shall be added to the space through the
regular distribution system in an amount computed by
dividing the volume moved during the liquid discharge period
by the flooding factor. This shall be multiplied by the material
conversion factor when the design concentration is greater
than 34 percent.
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Ventilation (that cannot be shut down) 4

Volume moved during the

liquid discharge periode [ft³]
[m³]

CO2 Vent. Loss = -------------------------- x f MatConv*

Flooding factor [ft³/lb CO2]
[m³/kg CO2]

* Material conversion factor

Total Flood Surface Fires
High / low temperature allowance 5
Hazard temperature > 200°F (93°C):
1% increase of calculated CO2 quantity
for each additional 5°F above 200°F.
Hazard temperature < 0°F (-18°C):
1% increase of calculated CO2 quantity
for each additional 1°F below 0°F.
Total Flood Surface Fires
Example:
W

L = 20 ft H 2
A
W = 10 ft H1

H1= 10 ft
H2= 4 ft
L
A = 5 ft²
Type of combustible = Benzol
Hazard temperature = 70°F (21°C)
Total Flood Surface Fires
Example: Basic Quantity 1
Minimum design concentration = 37%
Total Flood Surface Fires
Example: Basic Quantity 1
Volume = 20x10x10 = 2000 [ft³]
Volume factor = 18 ft³/lb CO2
Total Flood Surface Fires
Example: Basic Quantity of CO2 1

2000 [ft³]
Q1 = -------------------- = 112 lbs CO2
18 [ft³/lb CO2]
Total Flood Surface Fires
Example: Material Convers. Fact. 2
Design concentration > 34% (= 37%)
 Material conversion factor = 1.1
Material Conversion Factor / NFPA Fig. 2-3.4

1.1

37%
Total Flood Surface Fires
Example: Material Convers. Fact. 2

Q2 = Q1 x Mat. Conv. Factor

Q2 = 112 lbs x 1.1 = 124 lbs CO2
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Example Unclosable Openings 3
Leakage Rate / NFPA Fig. A-2-3(b)

37 H2 = 4 ft
17
A = 5 ft²

 Leakage rate
= 17 lbs CO2 / min ft²
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Example Unclosable Openings 3

CO2 Loss = A x QLeakage x 0.5*

CO2 Loss = 5 ft² x 17 lbs/min ft² x 0.5

CO2 Loss = 43 lbs

* Use only 1/2 of total area presuming fresh air enter

top half of opening, CO2 escapes out bottom half.
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Example Unclosable Openings 3

Q3 = Q2 + CO2 Loss

Q3 = 124 lbs + 43 = 167 lbs CO2

Note: if Q2 < CO2 Loss

CO2 system shall be
designed for local
application.
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Example Ventilation 4

No ventilation.

Q4 = Q3 = 167 lbs CO2

 Total Flood Surface Fires
Example Temperature Adjustment 5
Hazard temperature = 70°F (21°C)

Q5 = Q4 = 167 lbs CO2

Hazard temperature > 200°F (93°C):

1% increase of calculated CO2 quantity for each additional 5°F above 200°F.
Hazard temperature < 0°F (-18°C):
1% increase of calculated CO2 quantity for each additional 1°F below 0°F.
 Total Flood Surface Fires
Example Summary
Step
Step 1:
1: Q
Q11 == volume
volume // flooding
flooding factor
factor
Q
Q11 == 2000
2000 ft³ft³ // 18
18 ft³/lbs
ft³/lbs CO
CO22
112
112 lbs
lbs
Step
Step 2:
2: Q
Q22 == Q
Q11 xx Mat.
Mat. Conv.
Conv. Factor
Factor
Q
Q22 == 112
112 lbs
lbs xx 1.11.1
124
124 lbs
lbs
Step
Step 3:
3: Q
Q33 == Q
Q22 ++ CO
CO22 lossloss through
through openings
openings
Q
Q33 == 124
124 lbs
lbs ++ 43 43 lbs
lbs
167
167 lbs
lbs
Step
Step 4:
4: Ventilation
Ventilation   none
none
Q
Q44 == Q
Q33
167 lbs
Total Flood

Total
Total Flood
Flood

 Deep-Seated
Deep-Seated Fires
Fires
 Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires

 CO2 concentration 50% minimum

 Discharge at a rate to achieve
 30% concentration within 2 minutes
 design concentration within 7 minutes
 Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires

 Concentration shall be maintained

for at least 20 minutes
 Any possible leakage shall be given
special consideration because no
allowance is included in the basic
flooding factors!
Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires

Flooding Factors for Specific Hazards

Table 2-4.2.1

kg/
m³

1.60

<=56 m³

1.33
>56 m³

2.00

2.66
 Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires
Special Considerations
 Unclosable openings
(ceiling only or small enough >> venting)

 Ventilation that can't be shut down

 High or low temperatures
 Venting may be required in unusually
tight enclosures*
* small leaks in normal enclosures have been found
to provide adequate venting in most cases.
 Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires

30%
30% basic
basic concentration
concentration == Volume
Volume [ft³]
[ft³] xx .042
.042 [lbs/ft³]
[lbs/ft³]
++ adjustments
adjustments for:
for: Volume [m³] x 0.674 [kg/m³]
 High/low
High/low temperature
temperature allowance
allowance
 Loss
Loss due
due toto ventilation
ventilation per
per minute
minute xx 22
 Loss
Loss for
for openings
openings xx 22 minutes
minutes
== 30%
30% CO
CO22 requirement
requirement [lbs.]
[lbs.]

30%
30% CO
CO22 requirement
requirement // 22 (for
(for 11 minute)
minute)
 == minimum
minimum system
system flow
flow rate
rate [lbs./min.]
[lbs./min.]
Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires
Example:
Fur vault
volume = 3000 ft³
 Design
concentration
= 75 %
 Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires
Example: Fur vault
 Total quantity:

QT = 3000 [ft³] x 0.166 [lb/ft³]

QT = 500 lbs CO2

 Total Flood Deep-Seated Fires
Example: Fur vault
 Flow rate per minute: 30% basic
concentration

3000 ft³ x 0.042 lbs/ft³

QF = ------------------------------
2 minutes

QF = 63 lbs/min
Extended Discharge

Extended Discharge
Extended Discharge
Why?
 Where leakage is appreciable.
 Design concentration must be
obtained quickly.
 Maintain concentration for
extended period.
Extended Discharge
Typical Application?
 Recirculating-type electrical
equipment
 Nonrecirculating-type electrical
equipment
Generators, Electric Motors, Convertors
Extended Discharge
How?
 Seperate cylinder bank
 Seperate pipe network
 Agent is provided at a reduced rate
using small orifice nozzles.
Extended Discharge
Further Information
 NFPA 12, § A-2-5.2
Extended Discharge
NFPA 12
Extended Discharge
NFPA 12
Distribution
Distribution Piping
Piping
Distribution Piping
Materials
 All pipe up to and including ¾” to be
schedule 40 (standard weight) black,
stainless or galvanized steel pipe.
 All pipe over ¾” to be schedule 80
(extra heavy) black, stainless or
galvanized steel pipe.
Distribution Piping
Materials
 Extra heavy galvanized malleable iron
or ductile iron fittings through 2”.
 Galvanized forged steel fittings for all
larger sizes.
Distribution Piping
Pipe Sizes (Estimation Only!)

/min
kg kg
/min
27.3 45.4
68.1 90.8

113.5 136.2
227.0 272.40
363.2 408.6

590.2 726.4
1044.2 1135.0

1589.0 1816.0

Manual, 6-13 – Fig. 18

Total Flood

Nozzles
Total Flood
Number of Nozzles?
 Not an exact science!
Total Flood
Number of Nozzles?
Some Rules:
 20 ft. maximum spacing between nozzles
(total flood only).
 Not more than 10 ft. from a wall or major
obstruction.
Total Flood
Placement of Nozzles?
Some Rules:
 Try not to locate near unclosable openings.
(unless used for screening).
 Make sure nothing interferes with discharge
pattern of nozzle.
Total Flood
Placement of Nozzles?
Some Rules:
 Nozzle located as to not cause unduly
splash of liquids or create dust clouds that
might extend fire, create an explosion or
adversely affect contents of enclosure.
Total Flood
Type of Nozzle?
A & D Type:
 Produces soft discharge.
 Generally used in sub-floor
areas.

TYPE ‘A’ NOZZLE TYPE ‘D’ NOZZLE

Total Flood
Type of Nozzle?
Sealed Type:
 Prevents dirt or vapors
from getting into piping.
 Generally used in ducts, Regular Sealed

hoods or enclosed
machinery spaces.

Regular Sealed Flanged

Total Flood
Type of Nozzle?
Regular Type:
 Produces high velocity
spray pattern.
 Generally used in ducts
& small enclosed hazard.
Total Flood
Type of Nozzle?
Baffle Type:
 Fan shaped pattern.
 Generally used in
rooms & enclosed
spaces.
 Mounted near ceiling.
Total Flood
Nozzles?
Some more Rules:
 Generally, use more nozzles than the
minimum:
Keeps turbulence and secondary
damage down.
May provide more uniform agent
concentration.