FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

• INTERNAL ORGANS
• OVARIES
• UTERINE TUBES
• UTERUS
• VAGINA
• BREAST
• PLACENTA
 FEMALE REPRO ORGANS
• EXTERNAL GENITALIA
• MONS-PUBIS
• LABIA MAJORA
• LABIA MINORA
• CLITORIS
• VESTIBULE
• OPENING OF VAGINA
• EX URETHRAL ORIFICE
 THE THREE M
• MENARCHE= 9-14 YRS

• MENSTRUAL CYCLE= 28-30 DAY CYCLE

• MENUPAUSE /CLIMACTERIUM=45-55YRS
 OVARY
• GAMETOGENESIS
• STEROIDOGENESIS

• THE MAIN HORMONES ARE

• 1-ESTROGEN

• 2-PROGESTOGENS
 FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
• ESTROGEN=Promote growth –
• Maturation of int/ext sex organs
• Dev of secondary sex characteristics
• Dev of breast
• PROGESTOGENS-Preps uterus for preg
• Menstrual cycle
• Preps mammary gland for lactation
 UTERUS
• THICK MUSCULAR ORGAN (7/5/2)
• BODY= FUNDUS-CAVITY –ISTHMUS
• CERVIX= NARROW CANAL WITH INTERNAL
OPENING AS INTERNAL OS
• EXT OPENING AS EXT OS
• WALL OF UTERUS HAS THREE LAYERS
• ENDOMETRIUM/MYOMETRIUM/
• PERIMETRIUM
 ENDOMETRIUM
• THICKNESS -4-5 MM
• MICROSCOPICALLY HAS THREE LAYERS
• 1-COMPACT LAYER
• 2-SPONGY LAYER
• 3-BASAL LAYER
• FUNCTIONAL LAYER-1/2 SHED DURING
MENSTRUATION and after PARTURITION
 UTERINE TUBES
• LENGTH =10-12 cm (diameter -1-cm)
• 1-Infundibulum
• 2-Ampulla
• 3-Isthmus
• 4-Intramural
• Imp site for FERTILIZATION /transfer of
ZYGOTE (ampulla)
• Site for ectopic pregnancy
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
• Oogenesis= Process in which oogonia are
converted to mature oocytes
•
• Starts before birth
•
• Completed after puberty

• Till menupause(end of menstrual cycle)

 PRENATAL MATURATION OF OOCYTE

• Oogonia enlarge to form primary oocyte

before birth
• Two Million Primary Oocytes in the ovaries of
newborn at birth
• No primary Oocytes form after birth in
females
• Many regress during childhood
• In Adolescence 40,000 remain
 Maturation of Oocyte (ctd)
• Out of 40,000 –only 400 become secondary
Oocytes and are released at ovulation
• In males spermatogenesis continues till late in
life
• Primary Oocyte begins the first Meiotic division
before birth
• The follicular cells secrete a substance (omi)
Oocyte maturation inhibitor which keeps the
meiotic process arrested
 AFTER BIRTH

• The primary oocyte remains dormant at birth-till

puberty
• Shortly before puberty the follicle matures and
before ovulation the first meiotic division is
completed
• Un equal division of cytoplasm
• The secondary Oocyte gets most of the
cytoplasm and 1st polar body gets less cytoplasm
 Female Reproductive Cycles
• Ovarian Cycle
• Ovulation
• Menstrual cycle

• At puberty the effect of Hypothalamus and

Pituitary gland on the reproductive organs via
release of Gonadotrophins –FSH and LSH
 Effect Of Gonadotrophins
• Hypothalamus releases GnRH
• Pituitary releases
• 1-FSH-matures the ovarian follicle and
produces estrogen by the follicular cells
• 2-LH-Stimulates ovulation and follicular cells
releases Progesterone
• They also induces the growth of Endometrium
 FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT
• 1-Growth and diff of primary oocyte

• 2-Proliferation of follicular cells

• 3-Formation of Zona pellucida

• 4-Dev of Theca follicle

 PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
• APPEAR IN OVARY IN 3RD MONTH OF FETAL LIFE
• A SINGLE LAYER OF FLAT CELLS SURROUND THE
OOCYTE
• THE PRIMARY FOLLICLE IS FORMED WHEN FLAT
CELL BECOME CUBOIDAL
• NEXT IS THE FORMATION OF ACIDOPHILIC
LAYER CALLED ZONA PELLUCIDA (SEC BY THE
OOCYTE)
 STRATIFICATION OF FOLLICULAR CELLS

• RAPID PROLIFERATION OF FOLLICULR CELLS

FORMS THE GRANULOSA CELLS
• BASAL LAMINA IS PRESENT B/W THE
FOLLICULAR CELLS AND C.T STROMA
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS FORM THE THECA
LAYER OF THE FOLLICLE
• THECA FOLLICULI HA TWO LAYERS
• 1-THECA INTERNA 2-THECA EXTERNA
 THECA FOLLICULI
• THECA INTERNA IS VASCULAR WITH CUBOIDAL
CELLS
• THESE CELLS HAVE RECEPTORS FOR LH
HORMONE AND PRE CURSORS OF STEROID
PRODUCING CELLS
• THECA EXTERNA HAS C.T CELLS WITH
SMOOTH MUSCLE AND COLLAGEN FIBRES
• GRANULOSA LAYER IS AVASCULAR
 SECONDARY FOLLICLE
• THE FOLLOWING FACTORS ARE REQUIRED FOR
THE MATURATION OF PRIMARY FOLLICLE
• 1-FSH
• 2-EGF and IGF (1)
• CALCIUM IONS
• THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF LAYERS IN THE
GRANULOSA CELLS UPTo 12
• APPEARANCE OF FLUID FILLED CAVITIES/ANTRUM
GROWTH OF SECONDARY FOLLICLE
• THE ANTRAL CAVITY INCREASES IN SIZE
• OOCYTE BECOMES ECCENTRIC
• GRANULOSA CELL ATTACHING THE OOCYTE IS
KNOWN AS CUMULUS OOPHORUS
• GRANULOSA CELL ATTACHED AROUD THE
OOCYTE IS THE CORONA RADIATA AT THE
TIME OF OVULATION
 THE MATURE OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
• THE LARGE FOLLICE CAUSES A BULGE ON THE
SURFACE OF OVARY
• THE SPACES B/W THE GRANULOSA CELLS
CONTINUE TO ENLARGE THE OOCYTE BECOMES
FREE
• THE THECAL LAYERS BECOME PROMINENT AND
STEROID SECRETING
• A SURGE OF FSH/LH OCCURS 24 /HRS BEFORE
OVULATION
 RESUMPTION OF FIRST MEIOTIC DIV
• THE GRANULOSA CELLS BECOME DESENSITIZED
FOR LH AND NO ESTROGEN IS PRODUCED
• B/W 12-24 HRS AFTER THE LH SURGE THE 1ST
MEIOTIC DIV IS RESUMED
• THE SECONDARY OOCYTE AND FIRST POLAR
BODY IS FORMED
• THE GRANULOSA AND THECA CELLS BECOME
LUTENIZED AND START PRODUCING
PROGESTERONE
 OVULATION
• PROCESS BY WHICH A SECONDARY OOCYTE IS
RELEASED FROM THE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
• A COMBINATION OF HORMONAL CHANGES AND
ENZYMATIC EFFECTS ON THE RELEASE OF SEC
FOLLICLE ON THE 14TH DAY OF A 28 DAY CYCLE
• STIGMA OR MACULA PELLUCIDA IS FORMED ON
THE SURFACE OF THE OVARY
• OOCYTE ENTERS THE UT ERINE TUBES AND STAY
VIABLE FOR 24 HRS
 APPLIED ANATOMY

• IF OOCYTE DOES NOT ENTER THE TUBE

RESULTS IN ECTOPIC PREG
• IF MORE THAN ONE FOLLICLE RUPTURES IN
THE SAME CYCLE RESULTS IN MULTIPLE PREG
(DRUG CLOMIPHINE)
• PRIMARY OOCYTE ARRESTED IN FIRST
MEIOTIC DIV RESULTS IN NONDISJUNCTION
(DOWN SYNDROME)
 SECOND MEIOTIC DIV
• AT OVULATION THE FIRST MEIOTIC DIV IS COMPLETED
• THE SEC OOCYTE SURROUNDED BY THE CORONA
RADIATA STARTS THE SEC DIV
• THIS SEC MEIOTIC DIV IS ARRESTED AT METAPHASE
AND IS COMPLETED ONLY IF THE SEC FOLLICLE IS
PENETRATED BY THE SPERM
• AT FERTILIZATION THE SEC OOCYTE FORMS THE
MATURE OVUM WITH 23 X PRONUCLEUS AND A
SECOND POLAR BODY (P/BODY DEGENERATE)
 AFTER OVULATION
• THE REMAINING FOLLICLE WITH GRANULOSA
AND THECA CELLS TRANS FORM INTO CORPUS
LUTEUM
• BLEEDING FROM THECA INTERNA FORMS CORPUS
HEMORRH AGICUM WITH A CENTRAL CLOT
• THE CELLS OF THECA AND GRANULOSA INCREASE
IN SIZE AND START SECRETING
ESTRO/PROGESTRONE AND PREPARE THE
ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION
 CORPUS LUTEUM
• NO FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
OCCURS THE CORPUS LUTEUM STAYS ACTIVE
FOR 14 DAYS AND THEN DEGENERATE
• IN PREGNANCY STAYS FOR 20 WKS TILL THE
PLACENTA TAKES OVER THEN BY THE PROCESS
OF AUTOLYSIS FORMS CORPUS ALBICANS
• THE ENDOMETRIUM LINING IS SHED WHEN THE
EFFECT OF HORMONE IS WITHDRAWN
RESULTING IN MENSTRUATION
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• THE MENSTRUAL PHASE (4-7DAYS)
• THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE( 9-DAYS)
• THE LUTEAL PHASE (13 DAYS) IF FERTILIZATION
OCCURS LUTEAL PHASE CONTINUES
• THE ISCHAEMIC PHASE
• THE PREGNANCY PHASE