Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA

5 Climate
Climate resilient agriculture in a changing world

1
Keywords

• Greenhouse gases
• CO2 equivalent
• Climate Change
• Mitigation
• Adaptation
• Vulnerability
• Resilience © GIZ / Ranak Martin

• Climate Smart Agriculture

2
Climate Change

Causes and effects of climate change

3
 FAQ 1.3,
4
Figure 1
Source: Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. IPCC Working Group 1. Contribution to the 4. AR
 Greenhouse gases - exercise

H2O CO2 CH4 N2 O HFC; PFC

Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
Source: 3/31/Diossido_di_azoto.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/2/21/St_Johns
_Fog.jpg

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 CO2e
Source: BlankMap-World6.svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AColoredBlankMap-World-10E.svg

6
Global Warming Potential (GWP)

CO2e (equivalent) -> e.g.: (1kg N2O * 298 = 298kg CO2e)

Source: IPCC 2007

7
Climate change

Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate […] that
persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate
change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing […]
and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the
atmosphere or in land use (IPCC).
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1,
defines climate change as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed
over comparable time periods’.

Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva

8
 CO2e
Source: BlankMap-World6.svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AColoredBlankMap-World-10E.svg

9
 CO2e
Source: BlankMap-World6.svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AColoredBlankMap-World-10E.svg

10
 CO2e
Source: BlankMap-World6.svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AColoredBlankMap-World-10E.svg

11
Increase of CO2 -concentrations in the atmosphere

Projections
Today: 400 ppm

Beginning
of the
Industrial
Ara

Source. World Development Report 2010 p. 4

12
IPCC Scenarios (RCP – Representative
Concentration Pathways)

Source: IPCC Data Distribution Center: Scenario Process for AR5 13

 Where do emissions come from?

Energy
Total
66,5% CO2:
77% of
green-
house
gases

Land use
changes/
Agriculture
26%

Source: cait.wri.org 14
Climate Change Effects

Documentary

HOME (2009)by Yann Arthus-Bertrand

(Start 01:01:13 – ca. 01:06:15)
A film that approaches the current debate about climate change
from a new angle, giving viewers the opportunity to see for
themselves how the earth is changing.

in English, German, French, Spanisch, Portuguese, Russian, etc .

15
Climate Change Effects
Extreme • different magnitudes in different
precipi- regions (warming above sea
tation Rising level 2-10 degrees Celsius)
sea level
Extreme Flooding
• poor countries
heat inunda- more affected
waves tion
Decreasing Land
agricultural
production
losses
Forest Acidifi-
burning cation of
oceans
Increase Ice
of melting
drought

16
Climate change and agriculture

xxx

17
Agriculture suffers from climate change

• Unsecure cropping conditions and

crop failures
• Displacement of optimal growing
regions
• Changes in pest exposition,
invading species and genetic
losses
• Overall yield losses but with
considerable regional differences
•  Major implications for food © H. Vogel

security
• Increase in erosion potential

18
 Impact of climate change on agriculture

Source: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cpesap/C-RESAP_Info_package/Links/Module_1/reduction_yields_wb.pdf 19
Example: Coffee cultivation in Ethiopia

2080
2050
2020
Today

Source: Ruegsegger 2008

20
What are incentives for adaptation and
mitigation of climate change?

Have you heard about the Stern review?

-> main conclusion: benefits of strong, early action on

climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting

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 Mitigation

A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of

greenhouse gases.

Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva

22
Gas emissions from agriculture

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Gas missions from agriculture

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25
26
 Three mitigation options of agriculture

1. Reduce direct emissions (N2O, CH4)

2. Removals of GHG from the atmosphere  Carbon

sequestration

3. Avoid creating new emissions  protect existing

carbon storages (e.g. grassland and marshland)

Source: Wollenberg et al. 2012

27
 Agriculture contributes to climate change
GHG emissions per economic sector

Agriculture ,
contributes 10%;
Forestry and
Other Land Use
contribute 14%

Source: IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. 28

Source: Bellaraby et al. 2008

29
 Three mitigation options of agriculture

1. Reduce direct emissions (N2O, CH4)

2. Removals of GHG from the atmosphere 

Carbon sequestration

3. Avoid creating new emissions  protect existing

carbon storages (e.g. grassland and marshland)

Source: Wollenberg et al. 2012

30
 The carbon cycle

Source: World Development report. 2010. Focus A: The science of climate change. Adapted from IPCC 2007

31
 Three mitigation options of agriculture

1. Reduce direct emissions (N2O, CH4)

2. Removals of GHG from the atmosphere  Carbon

sequestration

3. Avoid creating new emissions  protect existing

carbon storages (e.g. grassland and marshland)

Source: Wollenberg et al. 2012

32
Carbon sinks
WETLANDS ARE

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Adaptation

xxx

34
Video: Climate Change Adaptation (GIZ)

35
 Adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability

Exposure Sensitivity Adaptation

measures

Socio- Potential Bio-

economic impact physical Adaptive capacity

Vulnerability

36
 Factors for Vulnerability

symptoms of climate to which extent reacts a

change (temperature system (population,
increase, wheather Exposure Sensitivity region, sector) to the
extremes) exposure

expected changes in the

system with the given Potential impact Adaptive capacity
exposure and sensitivity
depending on
development,
available
Vulnerability capacities
(knowledge,
ressources,
competence)
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 Example:
Biodiversity,
Khyber
Pakhthunkwa,
Pakistan

Source: VA-Sourcebook

38
Example:
Irrigation,
Chullcu Mayu,
Bolivia

39
What are incentives for adaptation and mitigation of climate
change?

© H. Vogel

40
 Adaptation in agriculture - a multidimensional and multi-
level process with incentives
Community level
• Soil and water conservation on communal land
• Agro-biodiversity management
• Land-use regulation
• Supporting farmers‘ organisation
• Gender equity and women‘s rights
• Livelihood diversification (off-farm income)
• Improved processing and marketing

Public level
• Improved weather forecast
• Crop insurance systems
41
 Agricultural crops and areas of degraded land
Measures Contribution Contribution Enhanced productivity
to adaptation to mitigation
Low-till and no-till ++ ++ ++
Mulching ++ ++ +
Organic manure ++ 0 ++
Lime for acid soils
+ 0 +
Biophysical soil and water conservation
measures ++ no direct
relation +
Agroforestry
++ ++ ++
Irrigation (drop irrigation, sprinkler)
++ no direct
relation ++
Integrated pest management
0 no direct
relation ++
Conserving agrobiodiversity
++ no direct
relation ?
Reducing losses (
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoCVrkcaH6Q ) ++ +++ +++
Package: improved varieties, soil and
water conservation measures, agro- +++ ++ +++
forestry, integrated
"Erosion". Licensed under Public pest management
Domain via Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erosion.jpg#/media/File:Erosio
n.jpg 42
 Forests and areas of degraded forest

Measures Contribution to Contribution to Enhanced

adaptation mitigation productivity
Nursery and tree plantation
++ ++ +
Improved stoves
+ +++ +++
Non-timber forest products
++ 0 ++
Access restriction
Physical soil and water conservation
+ + -
measures/
soil protection and restoration
++ no direct relation
-
Reforestation
Stabling (zero grazing) ++ ++ +
Participative forest management + no direct relation
+
+++ +++ +++
„Mount St Helens-summer 2003“ von Eborutta aus der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia.
Lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 3.0 über Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_St_Helens-
summer_2003.jpg#/media/File:Mount_St_Helens-summer_2003.jpg 43
Pastures and areas of degraded land

Measures Contribution to Contribution to Enhanced

adaptation mitigation productivity
Access restriction + + -
Controlled grazing + + +
seedbed enrichment 0 + +
Physical soil and water no direct
conservation measures
++ relation
--
Enhancement of non-timber + -- +++
products
Combination (seeds, soil and
water conservation measures,
+ + +
access restriction)
© A. Camacho

44
 Resilience

The capacity of a social-

ecological system to cope with
a hazardous event or
disturbance, responding or
reorganizing in ways that
maintain its essential function,
identity, and structure, while
also maintaining the capacity
for adaptation, learning, and
transformation.
© A. Schöning

Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva

45
Example (Video): Water harvesting in Bolivia as a way
to adapt to climate change

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ky1D2EqxdRQ

46
 Climate Smart Agriculture

The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.

Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva

47
 Source: http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmart/en/

„Agriculture that sustainably increases

productivity, resilience (adaptation),
reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation),
and enhances achievement of national
food security and development
goals“
FAO, 2010: „Climate-Smart“ Agriculture - Policies, Practices and Financing for
Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation.

48
Sourcebook on Climate-Smart Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries (FAO)
• English, French, Spanish

• For planners, practicioners, policy makers

• Section A „The Case for Climate-Smart Agriculture“: Conceptual

framework
• Section B “Improved Technologies and Approaches for Sustainable
Farm Management”: 9 modules, targeted primarily to the needs of
planners and practitioners (water, soils, energy, genetic resources,
up-scaling of practices of crop production, livestock, forestry,
fisheries and aquaculture, food value chains.

• Section C “Enabling frameworks”: 7 modules, targeting to policy

makers, providing guidance on what institutional, policy and finance
options are available. It further provides information on links
between disaster risk reduction and utilization of safety nets and
also illustrates the key role of capacity development and
assessments and monitoring..
Source: http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/72611/en/
49
 Tools

The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.

Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva

50
 GIZ Climate Toolbox
GIZ’s Competence Centre for Climate Change has compiled a box of
innovative tools to operationalise new concepts and terms such as
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV), climate finance
readiness or National Adaptation Planning (NAP).

The toolbox includes about 20 tools and trainings covering

• Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases,

• Adaptation to climate change, and

• Climate finance.

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Conclusions

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Why do we have to consider climate change, when we
talk about sustainable agriculture?

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The role of sustainable agriculture in climate change

Mitigation Adaptation

Sustainability / Resilience

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 Interconnections between biodiversity and climate change
Change and loss of Changes in precipitation and
habitats evaporation patterns
And ecosystem
functioning Acidification

Fires

Shifts in species distribution Sea level rise

and risk of extinction

Global climate change

Biodiversity
Vegetation provides carbon storage and sinks

Carbon absorbed by algae in surface

layers is stored in deep ocean layers
when algae die

Local regional hydrological regulation Climate change impacts

reduces floods and droughts

Coastal vegetation protects against storm

surges

Natural genetic variability important for

resilience against climate impacts
Source: G7 Elmau Progress Report (2015)
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Thank you for your attention !!!!

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References
• adelphi/EURAC 2014
https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp342deP/1443/wp-content/uploads/filebase/va/vulnerability-guides-manuals-reports/Vulnerability_
Sourcebook_-_Guidelines_for_Assessments_-_GIZ_2014.pdf

• Bellaraby, J., Foereid, B., Hastings, A. and Smith, P. 2008. Cool Farming: Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential.
Report produced by the University of Aberdeen for Greenpeace, Greanpeace.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2008/1/cool-farming-full-report.pdf
• Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. IPCC Working Group 1. Contribution to the 4. AR
• Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations 2013. Climate-smart Agriculture for development. Online:
http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmart/en/
• GIZ 2011. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Cooperation - A Practice-Oriented Training Based on the
OECD Policy Guidance.
• GIZ 2011. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Cooperation
• Heinrich Böll Stiftung / IASS, Global Soil Atlas 2015.
• IPCC 2014. 5. Assessment Report. Glossary. Geneva
• IPCC 2014. 5. Assessment Report. Adaptation and Vulnerability. Geneva
• IPCC 2014. 5. Assessment Report. The Physical Science Basis. Geneva
• IPCC 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA. Online available under: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf
• Killian et al. 2013 Carbon Footprint across the Coffee Supply Chain: the Case of Costa Rican Coffee in Journal of Agricultural
Science and technology B3 (2013) 151-170
• Lipper et al. 2014. Climate-smart agriculture for food security. In: Nature Climate Change.Online:
http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n12/fig_tab/nclimate2437_F1.html
• Ruegsegger 2008: Kaffeeanbau in Äthiopien unter verschiedenen Klimaszenarien, online: http://
www.cde.unibe.ch/CDE/pdf/Rueegsegger%20Michael%20DA%202008-03-04.pdf
• Smith M S et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2011;369:196-216. As presented by Anne Hammill. IISD. 2011. Climate Change Adaptation
– recent advances
• Tanner and Mitchell (2008a); Tanner and Mitchell (2008b). Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaption and Human
Security
• Wollenberg et al. 2012: Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture (book) published by earthscan 57