Unit I : Matrices-II

Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

Faculty of Mathematics
Department of First Year Engineering
• 
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
• Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation.
• If the characteristic equation of matrix A of order n is

Then,
•Method
  to find by using Cayley-Hamilton theorem

We have . . . . (1)
Multiply by ,

Note: If m be a positive integer such that , then multiplying (1) by we get

Which shows that any positive integer power (m>n) of A is linearly

expressible in terms of lower powers of A.
•Steps
  to apply Cayley-Hamilton theorem

Step-1: Find Characteristic equation of matrix

Step-2: By Caley-Hamiltn theorem as every matrix satisfies its own
Characteristic equation Replace 𝜆 by matrix A in
Characteristic equation
i. for matrix
ii. For matrix
• 
Example: Verify Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for
and use it to find and
Solution : Consider Characteristic equation of A,
i.e.

Where

=9

The characteristics equation of A is

•By  using Cayley-Hamilton Theorem we have,
. . . . . (1)
here ,
From equation (1)
LHS=

=5+9

= =RHS Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified

•To  find multiply equation (1) by A

=
•To  find multiply equation (1) by

=
• 
Example: Verify Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for
and use it to find
Solution : Consider Characteristic equation of A,
i.e.

Where

The characteristics equation of A is

•By  using Cayley-Hamilton Theorem we have,
=0. . . (1)
here ,
From equation (1)
LHS=

=+8

= =RHS Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified

•To  find multiply equation (1) by

=
To simplify the expression