STATEMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF

CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM

(a) Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Statement : Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
Note : Thirukural format of Cayley Hamilton
Theorem
Every square matrix satisfies
its own "cha.eqn'"

(b) Uses of Cayley -

Hamilton Theorem.
To calculate 1) the positive integral powers of A and
(ü) the inverse of a
non-singular square matrix A.
PROBLEMS BASED ON STATEMENT AND APPLICATIONS
OF CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM.

Show that the matrix

satisfies its own characteristic
equation.
Sol. Let A - 2

The cha. equation of the given matrix is |A -AI|= 0

i.e., 1-S11 +S2 = 0
where S1 sum of the main diagonal elements
=

=
1+ 1 =2
S2- A| = =1 + 4 5
The cha. cquation is 1 - 21+5 =
0
To prove: A - 2A +51 O

A=AA =
1) - 4 -3
 A-2A +51
-
( = O
6
Therefore, the given matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

If A = write A interms of A and I, using Cayley

- Hamilton theorem.

theorem states that every square matr satisties its

Sol. Cayley-Hamilton
own characteristic equation.
A is | A AI| 0
equation of
- =

The characteristic
0
,1- (1-2) (5-)
=

ie,o 5- 0
5-1 5 1 +12 =0
0
ie., - 6 1 +5
=

have
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
we

O
A-6A+51 =

A = 6A - 5I
when
Hamilton theorem
find A* and A
Verify Cayley
2
A - 2 -1
2

0
of A is| A -

AI| =

Sol. The characteristic cquation

where
i.c., 1 -

S,12 + S21
-

S3 =0
2+2 + 2 =
6
clements=
1 of its leading diagonal
sum
elements
diagonal
2 s u m of the
minors of its leading

1)=3+2+3
8
(4-
( 4 1 ) + (4 -2) +
+2(1-2)
2 (4 1) + 1(-2+ 1)
S3 =
A 6-1 -2
=
3
+ 1(-1) + 2 (-1) =

= 2 (3)
 The characteristic equation of A is - S 2 + S21 -S3 = 0

(i.e.,) - 61 + 82 -3 = 0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic cquation|1

(i.e.,) A- 6A^ + 8A -3I =O .(1)

Verification

2 -1 -6 9
A = A xA =
-1 2 -5 6
5 -5

2 -1 -6 29 -28 38
#-axd- -1 1
2
-1
6 6 -22 23-28
-5 22 22 29
29 -28 38 7 -6
A - 64 + 84 -3 -22 -28 9
=
23
-6-5 6
22 -22
29 -5

*
2 -1
2
2 0
-1

29 28 38 42 -36 54 16 -8 16
-22 23 28 -30 36 -36 -8 16 -8
22 -22 29 30 30
42 8 -8 16

0
0 0 = O
0
0 0

To find A" :

(1) A = 6A - 8A +3I
(2)
Multiply A on both sides, we get

A = 6A -8A +3A = 6 [6A2 -8A +31] - 8A2+ 3A

by (2)
=
36A-48A + 18 I 8A -

+ 3A

A = 28A- 45A + 181 (3)

7 -6 1
(3) A" =
28 56
-5
-6 -45-1 2 -1+18 0
1 0
 196 -168 252 90 -45 90 18 0
-140 168 168| -45 90 -45 0 18 0
140 -140 1 196 45 -45 90 0 18

124 -123 162

96 -123
-95
95 -95 124
Tofind A
(1) xA A-6A +81 3A =O
3A= A -6A +81
-6

3A 6
0

6 9 -126 -12
6 -12
6 +
8
0
0
8 0
- -5 6 -6+
-5 -12 0

0 -3
0
2
3 A =
3
1 2 0
3A
1 3 -1 3
A- satisfies its own characteristic
Verify that

equation and hence find A*.

Sol. Given: A -

2
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A - AI| =0
ie,-S1 +S2 0 =

main diagonal elements

where S= sum of the
0
= (1) +(-1) =

Sa =|A 2 -1-4 =5
0
The characteristic cquation is 1 -0 -5

i.e., 1 -

5 =
0

To prove A -51 = 0

A = A xA

-
1+4
2-2 4+ 1
 A-51 =F
0

The given matrix A satisfies its own characteristic equation.

To find A" From (1),
: we
getA*-5I =
O

A =
SI multiply A on both sides

A =

A (51)
E - -1 4
25
Find A if A =
|3 -1, using Cayley Hamilton
theorem.
Sol. The characteristic equation of A is |A -AI| = 0

ie.,-S,1+S2-S3 =0 where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements

=
1+ 2 + (-1) =
2

S2= Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements

=
(-2+1) +(-1 -8) + (2 +3)
(-1) +(-9) + 5 = -5

S A|= -

1(-2 + 1) +
1(-3+ 2) +4 (3- 4)
=1(-1)+1(-1) +4(-1)
=
-1 -

1 -4 -6

. The characteristic cquation is A 21- 51

-

+6 =
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem, we gct
By

IEvery square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation]

A-2A -5A + 61= O .(1)

To find A

(1) xA A'- 2A -

5I +6 A1 =
0

A-2A-SI + 6A =
O

6A = -A4+2A +51

A --A +2A +51] (2)

A2 = A x A

-1 -1

-1 - 2 + 4 4+1 4 | 1
1-3+8
3+6 2 -3+4-1 12 2+1 0 11
-1
2+3 2 -2 + 2-1 8 1+1
-6 -1 -1 1 -1 4
2 -1 +5|0 1 0
-A+2A+ 5I = -7 0 -11+23
-3 1-8

-2 8
-6 -1 -1 2
+ 0 5 0
-7 0 -11|+ 6
-3 1 -8 A -2
-3 7
9 -13
3 -5
1 -3 7
From (2) - Al= 9 -13|
3 -5
 Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem and find its
inverse.
2 -2 -3 -2 2
(a) -6 -1 2 Ans. Al =
3
6 5
6 2 -1
-6 -2 5
1
1 7 -2 3
b) -1 5 -1| Ans. A l
=
1 4
20
1 -1 3 -2 2
-2 1 0 1
(c) 2 2 4 Ans. A -1 1/2
0 2 0 0 1/2

(d) 1 2 Ans. A l = 1 -3
4 3 4 -1
4 3 1 5 1
(e) 2 1 -2 Ans. A 11 -4 10
2 -5 -2
 Use Cayley Hamilton theorem to find the value
of the matrix
given by (i) A°-5A'+7A°-3A° +A*-5A+8A2-2A + I
(ii) A- 5A +7A"-3A +8A* 5A+ 8A2- 2A -

+1 matrix

A =
0 1
1
2
Sol. The characteristic cquation of A is |A - AI| = 0

i.c., - S ° +
S2 A S3 -
=
0 wherc

S Sum of the main diagonal clements

= 2 +1 + 2 = 5

S = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements

= (2 - 0) + (4 1) + (2 - 0) = 2 + 3 + 2 7

S3=A
1
1 1 2
= 2 (2 - 0) - 1 (0 - 0) + 1 (0 - 1) = 4 - 1 = 3

Therefore, the characteristic equation is

S 1 + Ta -3 = 0
By C H theorem, we get
A-5A +7A - 3I = O (1)

Let fA) =
7A 3A +A 5A +8A
A -

5A" + -
-
-

2A +1

g(A) =A* -SA' +7A- 3A` +8A SA +8A 2A +1

-
-

G) 1+
-51+7-3 -51+710-3a+1*-5a*+83*-21+1
-52+72-32
-5a+81-2A
-5a+71-33
++1
 +I
A4 +A
5A2+7A -31)(AS + A) +
f(A) = (AS-
= 0+A + A +I by (1)

= A+A +I
(2)

21 1
Now, A2
2
5 4 4
0 1 0

0
21 o o
l0 11 0 4

2)f(A) = 0 1 0 0 1
1

+ 8 2 +35
(i)
8-51+71ó-3+81-51+81-21+1
-51+7A-3

-51+726-31
81-51+812-22

82-40 13+5612-242
-)351-4824+22l+1
353-175+245-105
(-)127-223+ 106
gA) = (A3- SA + TA -31) (A° + 8A + 351) + 127A - 223A + 106 1

= 0+127A - 223A + 106 I

= 127 A - 223A + 1061

4 4 2
= 127 0 0+106 0 1 0
0 0
295 285 285
0 10
gA) =

285 295
 Use Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix

to express as a linear polynomial in A

-

11A A 101
7A +
-

A- 4A
-

)
5A + A +21
A 4A
-
-

(i)

Sol. Given:
A =

|2
A is A -AI|= 0
The characteristic equation of

2-S+ S2 =
0 where
ie.
i..
Sum of the main diagonal elements
S =

= 1 +3 = 4

S2- 1A =233 8 --5

The characteristic equation of A is 1 -

41 -5 =
0

By Cayley Hamilton theorem, we get

A2-4A 5 1 = O (1)

To find ) A -

444 -

7AS + 11A2 -

A -10I
3 - 21+3

12-42-5 - 4 1 -713 + 11 -2- 10

-42-52
-213 +112 -1

-213 +8 12+102
312-11 - 10

31 12 -

15

A+5

A-4A -

7A + 11A -

A -

101

= (A-4A 51) (A - 2A +3) +A +5I

= O + A + 5I = A + 5I by (1)
which is a linear polynomial in A.
 To find (i) A" - 4A - 5A+ A+ 21

-4-5 -4-5a++2

(-) ++2

A-4A-5A + A + 21 =A (A - 4A - 51) +A + 21

= 0+ A +21
by (1)
= A + 21

which is a linear polynomial in A.

Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A when

3
A

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is |A -AI| =0

(i.e.) - S12 + S2 - S3 = 0 where

S= Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1+1+ 1 =3

S2= Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.

=
(1 1) + (1 -

3) + (1 -

0)
= 0-2 +1 = -1

1
Sg1A- 2

1(1- 1) -0 (2 + 1) +3(-2- 1)
0-0 +3(-3) -9

The Characteristic cquation is 2 -312 - a +9

By Cayley-Hamilton thcorem, cvery square malrix salislies its ow

Characteristic equalion

A - 3A - A + 91()
 A
=
A-33A 1I
9
-
. (1)

0
3
2 1
A = 1
-1
3+0 +3 4 6
0+0-3
1+0+3 0+1+1 6-1-1 3 4
2+2 1
-2 5
1-2+1 0 1- 1 3 +1+1
-3 0 -9
3 3
-3A -6
-3 -3
-3 6 -3 0 -9 (1 0
+ -6 -3 3 1
2 4
1
( 1 ) A - = 1

0
9 -2 5 -3 3 -3
0 -3 -3
= -3 -2
-3 1

1 3 2 -7
9 -1 -1
 Show that the matrix P
( cos 6
-sin 6
sin
cos 6
is orthogonal.

Condition for orthogonal matrix is PP =

P'P =I
Cos sin cos & - sin 6
P
sin
PT
cos e Sin cos

cos+sin^e - cos 6 sin 6 + sin 0 cos e|

PPT
-sin 6 cos 6 + cos sin sin + cos
0 = I

Similarly, P'p = I

Given matrix is orthogonal.

 Test for Nature of a Quadratic Form through
principal minors.
Let A = la] be the matrix of the quadratic form in n variables

1.2 xn. Then A 1s a square symmetric matrix of order n.

Let D =

l11=a11
D2 = a11 a12
a21 a22
|a11 a12 a13
D3 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

D A
D, D2,... D, are the principal minors of A.
() The ().F is positive delinite il
D, D2, ..,
D, are all positive
i., D,> 0 for all n.
 arc all negative and
(1) The Q.F is negative definitc if D, D2, Ds, ...

D2, D4, D6, ... are all positive

i.e., (-1)" D, >0 for all n.

(11) The Q.F is positive semi-dcfinitc if D, 20 and atlcast onc D; =0.

20 and atlcast
(1v) The 0.F is negative semi-dcfinitc if (-1)" D,
one D, = 0

(v) The Q.F is indefinite in all other cases.

Determine the nature of the following quadratic form

f( g) = x+2

Sol. The matrix of the Q.F is

coeff. coeff. x1 2 coeff. X1*3

coeff.x2X1 coeff coeff. x2X3
coef.x31 coeff.x32 coeff.

1 0
2
0

D, = | 1 =1(+ve)

D-2 2(6
D3 0

The .F is said to be positive semi-dcfinitc.

Aliter:1,*2*3) = +2x T(g it is alrcady in Canonical lorm.
The C.F Contains two tVe terms and onc zero term.
The OF is poilive semi-definite.

. Prove that the Q.F + 2y + 3 + 2xy t 2yz -

2Nz is indefinite.

Sol. Given + 2 y + 32" + 2xy + 2yz 2 z

 cocff. 2 coeff.xy coeff. xz
The matrix
of the Q.F is Q =
coeff. yx cocff.y 2
coett. y z
1
cocff. zx coeff.zy coeff. 22

1
12
1

D =
|1| =
1(+ve)

D- =
2 1 =
1 (+ve)
1
=
1(6- 1) -

(3+1)-1(1+2)

= 1(5)-1(4) - 1(3) = 5 - 4 - 3 = 2 (-ve)

The Q.F is indefinite.

Discuss the nature of the Q.F. 2x +3y+ 2 +2xy without

reducing them to Canonical form.

Sol.

cocff. 2 coeff.xy coeff. xz

The matrix of the QF is Q = coeff. yx coeff. ys coefi. y:|
1
coeff.zx coeff.zy
2
coeff.

D= |2| =2(+ve)

6-) =
(6 1) - 5(+ve)

D3 1 0= 2 (6-0)
-

1 (2-0) + 0 (0 0)
2

2 (6) -

1 (2) =
12 2 =
10(+ve)
The Q.F is positive definite.
 Discuss the nature of the
following quadratic forms.
(a) X2+2x2+3x+ 2x2 3-221 +2x1 3 [Ans: Indefinite]

(b) 6x2+ 17x2+3x3-20x1 2 14x2 *3 + 8 x1 *3

-

[Ans: Positive semi-definite]

el 6.x12+ 3x + 14x3 + 423 + 18 x3 *+ 4 *1 *2
[Ans: Positive definite]
(d) 2+4x22+9xz 12x2 *z + 6x|*3 - 4x1 *2
[Ans: Positive semi-definite]
(e) 2x1 *2 + 2x2*3 + 2x3 x [Ans: Indefinite]