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3 types:
1. Crustose (Crustaceous) Lichen
2. Foliose Lichen
3. Fruticose Lichen
1. Crustose Lichen
• They grow on rocks and release some chemicals that can disintegrate rocks
and this results in rock weathering. Hence, they help in soil formation.
• They are used as a source of food. For example, Parmelia. Its species are
used as curry powder in India.
• They are used as a source of medicines. For example, usnic acid which is
obtained from Usnea, is an antibiotic used in the treatment of various
infections and Cladonia (Reindeer moss) is used in the treatment of
whooping cough.
• Some lichens such as Pseudorina and Evernia are used in the production of perfume
and essential oils.
• Litmus which is a dye used as an indicator of acid and base, is obtained from
lichens Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata.
Harmful Aspects:
• Lichens growing on young fruit trees and sandal trees are harmful to the plant.
• During hot season some species of lichens (e.g., Usnea barbarata) become so dry
and inflammable that they often help in spreading forest fire.
• Some lichens act as allergens.
• The commercial value of glass and marble stone is reduced because of itching of
their surface by lichens.
• Some lichens e.g., Cladonia rangifera, Cetraria islandica accumulate large quantities
of radioactive strontium (Sr90 ) and caesium (Cs137 ) from atomic fall-outs. These may
be incorporated in the food chain, lichen → reindeer → man, leading to their
accumulation in human tissues.