Importance of

Channelizing Protocols
in Collision Issue
BENGAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
COMPUTER NETWORK (EC 602)

-: PRESENTED BY :-
ALIVIYA SAHA (12100318038)
AKASH MAJHI (12100318039)
AYENDRILA NANDI (12100318040)

ECE (6TH SEMESTER)

MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOLS

 If there is a dedicated link between the sender and the receiver then data link
control layer is sufficient, however if there is no dedicated link present then
multiple stations can access the channel simultaneously.

 For example, In a classroom full of students, when a teacher asks a question

and all the students (or stations) start answering simultaneously (send data at
same time) then a lot of chaos is created( data overlap or data lost) then it is
the job of the teacher (multiple access protocols) to manage the students and
make them answer one at a time. 

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Categories of Multiple Access Protocols

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Channelization

 Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available

bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code,
between different stations. In this section, we discuss three
channelization protocols.
 Highly efficient for constant-bit rate traffic
 Preferred approach in
Cellular telephone networks
Terrestrial & satellite broadcast radio & TV

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Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 In order to avoid station interferences, allocated bands are separated from one
another by small guard bands. 
 FDMA specifies a predetermined frequency band for entire period of communication.
 Stream data (a continuous flow of data that may not be packetized) can be easily
used with FDMA .

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Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Time division multiple access is a channel access method for shared medium
networks.
 It allows several users to share the same frequency. 
  Each station transmits its data in is assigned time slot.
 The main problem with TDMA is lies in achieving synchronization between the
different stations.

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Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 Code-division multiple access (CDMA) was conceived several decades ago.
Recent advances in electronic technology have finally made its implementation
possible.
 CDMA differs from FDMA because only one channel occupies the entire
bandwidth of the link.
 It differs from TDMA because all stations can send data simultaneously; there is
no timesharing

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CHIP SEQUENCE
 CDMA is based on coding theory. Each station is assigned a code,
which is a sequence of numbers called chips.
 They are called orthogonal sequences .
 Each sequence is made of N elements, where N is the number of
stations.

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DATA REPRESENTATION
 Rules of encoding

• If station sends a 0 bit, it encodes it as -1

• If station sends a 1 bit, it encodes it as +1
• When a system is idle, it send no signal

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CONCLUSION

“ A channelization strategy based on frequency division multiplexing works well for

wireless sensor networks where high data rates and reliability are required. We
designed, proto-typed, and evaluated such a protocol. We have shown that the
data rates achieved by our protocol are independent of the number of hops in a
network. However, the challenge isto be able to achieve an even higher fixed
data rate, while retaining this hop independence. We have suggested a novel
approach, using which, we believe the achievable data rate can be further
improved. Hence, we have demonstrated that using frequency division
multiplexing based strategies for bulk data transmission is feasible and may form
the basis of a reliable and scalable transport protocol.
REFERENCE’S

● https://electronicspost.com/virtual-circuit-and-datagram-
networks/
● https://www.tutorialspoint.com/virtual-circuit-network
● https://searchoracle.techtarget.com/definition/field
● https://www.tutorialspoint.com/datagram-network
● https://www.tutorialspoint.com/packet-switching

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to show our heartfelt gratitude to our Computer

Network teacher Prof. Shovon Nandi, Assistant Professor of
Electronics and Communication Department for his guidance and
support in completion of this project. We would also like to thank
our HOD of Electronics and Communications Department, Dr.
Mousumi Banerjee.

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THANK YOU!