The Moral Agent:

Developing Virtue as Habit

Chapter V
 What is
VALUE
Comes from the Latin word
“VALERE” which means “to be
of worth”
Latin word 'Valere which means 'to be
worth.
John Dewey
Value means primarily:
'to price
'to esteem
'to appraise
'to estimate
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Human Values
Human values are the virtues that
guide us to take into account human
element when one interacts with one
other human being. They are our
Feeling for human essence for others
feelings for the human essence of
others.
 Human values include sanctity of
Human life, peace, human dignity
Moral values, help us to distinguish
between what's right and wrong, good or
bad for you as well as society

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 Types of moral values
 Acceptance  Generosity  Politeness
 Compassion  Honesty  Respect
 Courage  Integrity  Responsibility
 Equality  Kindness  Self-control
 Fairness  Perseverance

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Formation of Moral Values
Individual's Moral derive from:
Society and Government
Religion
Self

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Virtue and its Formation
once the Values applied therefore one is
living in a virtue, a habitual good
character.
 Values and virtue are inversely related
knowing and practicing virtue is
knowledge to one's self.

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Cardinal virtues
Prudence
Justice
Temperance
 Fortitude

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Theological
virtues
Faith
 Hope
Charity

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Moral Character and its
formation
Assumptions; what kind of person one is
constituted by one's character
We can think of one’s moral character as
primarily function of whether he/she has or
lacks various moral virtues and vices.

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Formation of Moral
character
 Moral Character is formed by one's actions.
 Human beings are body/soul unities, action of the
body are actions of the self,
-self processing
-self governing
-self determining

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Moral development
 occurs when we grow and help us choose between
right and wrong.
 Theory of Lawrence Kohlberg
...desired to avoid personal punishment
... develop proper attitudes and behaviors based on
norms, rules and laws.

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“Moral decisions relative to actual
experiences of the people in the
society”

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Kohlberg’s of Moral
Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
American
psychologist who live
in the 20th century.

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 Levels of Moral Reasoning
LEVEL 1 (Pre-conventional)
Stage 1. obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2. instrumental orientation
LEVEL 2 (conventional)
Stage 3. Good boy and nice girl orientation
Stage 4. Law-and-Order Orientation

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LEVEL 3 (Post-conventional)
Stage 5. social contract orientation
Stage 6. universal ethical principle
orientation

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Conscience-based moral
decisions
 Conscience comes from the Latin word
"cum alia scientia" that means "application of
knowledge".

Moral Conscience- person's judgment about

a given action's ordering to man's ultimate end
based on the person's knowledge of the
action,its end, and circumstances.

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 Circular Relations of
Acts and Character
ACTS THAT BUILD CHARACTER
Character was developed through time, developed through
experiences, what humans choose to learn and to do.

ACTS THAT EMANATE FROM CHARACTER

Our character is what we are, it is inside us, hidden, and shaped
through times, while acts are outward manifestation of who we
are; our character.