Introduction to Communication Systems

Chapter two

Analog Modulation techniques

1
 Contents
Introduction to modulation
Reasons for modulation
Types of analog modulation
 Amplitude modulation/ Demodulation
 Modulation index AND significance of Modulation index.
 Different forms of AM (DSB-LC, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB)
 Angle modulation
 Frequency modulation, Phase modulation, Spectra and bandwidth, Shannon’s
bound
Comparison of the modulation techniques
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 What is modulation
 Modulation is the process of encoding information from a
message source in a manner suitable for transmission
 Modulation is the process of varying some characteristics of a
carrier according to the message signal
 It involves translating a baseband message signal to a band
pass signal at frequencies that are very high compared to the
baseband frequency.
 Baseband signal is called modulating signal
 Band pass signal is called modulated signal
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 .
.

Once this information is received, the low

frequency information must be extracted from the
high frequency carrier.
This process is known as “ Demodulation”.
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 What are the reasons for modulation?
1. Frequency division multiplexing (To support multiple transmissions
via a single channel)

To avoid interference

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 Cont’d…
2. Practicality of Antennas
Transmitting very low frequencies require
antennas with miles in wavelength. I.e very large
antennas are required.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY IT? DISCUSS!

6
 What are the Basic Types of Analogue
Modulation Methods ?
Consider the carrier signal below:

1. Changing of the carrier amplitude Ac(t) produces Amplitude Modulation signal

(AM).
2. Changing of the carrier frequency fc produces Frequency Modulation signal (FM)
3. Changing of the carrier phase ϴ produces Phase Modulation signal (PM).

Frequency and phase ===angle modulation

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 Analog/Digital Modulation
Analog Modulation
 The input is continuous signal
 Used in first generation mobile radio systems such as AMPS in USA.
Digital Modulation
 The input is time sequence of symbols or pulses.
 Are used in current and future mobile radio systems

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 Goal of Modulation Techniques
 Modulation is difficult task given the hostile mobile radio
channels
Small-scale fading and multipath conditions.
The goal of a modulation scheme is:
Transport the message signal through the radio channel with
best possible quality
Occupy least amount of radio (RF) spectrum.

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 Amplitude Modulation
The amplitude of high-frequency carrier signal
  is varied according to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating message signal m(t).
Carrier

m(t) AM Modulator sAM(t)

Carrier Signal: Accos(2πfct)

Modulating Message Signal: m(t)=
Where Am amplitude of message signal, Ac amplitude of carrier signal.

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 Cont’d…
 
The AM Signal: sAM (t) = Ac [1+ Km(t)]cos(2πfct), K is modulation index: K

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 Cont’d…
N.B. The total bandwidth required for AM  can be determined from the bandwidth
of the Message signal: BAM = 2B. Where, B is the bandwidth of the message signal
m(t).
SAM(t) can also be expressed as:

=
g(t) is called the complex envelope of AM signal.

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AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source Sink
Channel

Modulator Demodulator

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

with frequency with frequency with frequency
fm fc fm
(Modulating Signal) (Modulated Signal)
fc >> fm
Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM Cell phone: 900/1800MHz
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 AM Modulation/Demodulation
. Source Channel Sink
Modulator Demodulator

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

with frequency with frequency with frequency
fm Fc fm
(Modulating Signal) (Modulated Signal)
 
fc>>fm

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 AM Modulation - Example
.

1/fc

fc=5/π =1.6Hz,
fm=0.5/π=0.16
Carrier signal : Ac cos(2πfct) = 4 cos(10t)
Hz
sAM (t) = Ac [1+ m(t)]cos(2πfct)

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 Different Forms of Amplitude
Modulation
1. Conventional Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC) (Alternatively known as Full AM or Double
Sideband with Large carrier (DSB-LC) modulation.
2. Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation
3. Single Sideband (SSB) modulation
4. Vestigial Sideband (VSB) modulation

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 Conventional Amplitude Modulation
(Full AM)
.

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Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Full-AM
Modulation (DSB-LC)
1. The carrier signalis  
sc(t)= Accos(wct) where wc = 2πfc
2. In the same way, a modulating signal(informationsignal) can also be expressed as
sm(t)= Amcoswmt
3. The amplitude-modulated wave can be expressed as
s(t)=[Ac+sm(t)]cos(wct)
4. By substitution of the message signal
s(t)=[Ac+ Amcos(wmt)]cos(wct)
5. The modulation index,
6. Therefore The full AM signal may be written as
s(t)= Ac(1+Kcos(wmt)) cos(wct)
cos AcosB =1/ 2[cos( A + B) + cos( A - B)]
s(t)= Ac(coswct)+KA2ccos(wc+wm)t +KA2ccos(wc-wm)t 18
 Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM signal
and calculate the Bandwidth
.

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 Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal
The frequency spectrum of AM waveform contains three parts:
1. A component at the carrier frequency fc.
2. An upper side band (USB), whose highest frequency component is at fc+fm.
3. A lower side band (LSB), whose highest frequency component is at fc-fm
The bandwidth of the modulated waveform is twice the information signal
bandwidth.
Because of the two side bands in the frequency spectrum its often called Double
Sideband with Large Carrier.(DSB-LC).

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 Conti…
. The information in the base band (information) signal is duplicated
in the LSB and USB and the carrier conveys no information.

Example
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 KHz. What is the
bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using AM?
Solution
An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the original signal:
 
BW = 2 x 5 KHz = 10 KHz
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 AM Radio Band
.

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 Cont..
. Modulation Index (Ka)
What is the significance of modulation index ?
 Ka is merely defined as a parameter, which determines the amount of
modulation.
 What is the degree of modulation required to establish a desirable AM
communication link?
 to maintain Ka<1.0 (m<100%).
 This is important for successful retrieval of the original transmitted
information at the receiver end.

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 Cont..
.

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 Cont..
.

If the amplitude of the modulating signal is higher than the carrier

amplitude, which in turn implies the modulation index m >1.0(100%).
This will cause severe distortion to the modulated signal.

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 Power efficiency of AM signals
The ratio of useful power, power  efficiency:
==
In terms of power efficiency, for m=1 modulation, only 33%
power efficiency is achieved which tells us that onlyone-third of
the transmitted power carries the useful information.

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 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC) Modulation
 The carrier component in full AM or DSB-LC does not convey any
information. Hence it may be removed or suppressed during the
modulation process to attain higher power efficiency.
 The trade off of achieving a higher power efficiency using
DSB-SC is at the expense of requiring a complex and
expensive receiver due to the absence of carrier in order to
maintain transmitter/receiver synchronization.

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 Derive the frequency spectrum for Double sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation(DSB-SC)
1. Consider the carrier  
𝑆𝑐 =𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 π 𝑓𝑐𝑡
 

2. modulated by a single tone sinusoidal signal

The modulated signal is simply the product of these

3.
two
s(t )= Accos(wct) Amcos(wmt)
=Ac Amcos(wc t ) cos(wmt)
Since cos(A)cos(B) =
S(t)= cos(wc +wm)t) + )t)
USB LSBB
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 Cont..
. sc (t) = Ac coswct

sm (t) = Am coswmt X AcAmcoswct coswmt

Frequency Spectrum of a DSB-SC AM Signal

f -f f f +f
c m c c m

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 Generation and Detection of DSB-SC
 The simplest method of generating a DSB-SC signal is
merely to filter out the carrier portion of a full AM (or
DSB-LC) waveform.
 Given carrier reference, modulation and demodulation
(detection) can be implemented using product devices or
balanced modulators.

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 Block Diagram
.

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 Cont..

32
 Detector
.

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 The desired output from the filter
.

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 Cont…
 It is necessary to have synchronization in both frequency and
phase between the transmitter (modulator) & receiver
(demodulator), when DSB-SC modulation ,which is of the
coherent type, is used.
 Both phase and frequency must be known to demodulate
DSB-SC waveforms.
What if no synchronization????

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 Cont…
.

 But we want just

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 Cont…
 Due to lack of phase synchronization, we will see that the wanted
signal at the output of LPF will be attenuated by an amount of cosƟ.
In other words, phase error causes an attenuation of the output signal
proportional to the cosine of the phase error. The worst scenario is when
Ɵ=pi/2, which will give rise to zero or no output at the output of the
LPF.
Assignment:
what if no frequency synchronization?
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 Cont…
Note:
DISADVANTAGE OF USING COHERENT SYSTEMS
 The frequency and phase of the local oscillator signal
must be very precise which is very difficult to achieve.
 It requires additional circuitry such as synchronizer
circuit and hence the cost is higher.

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 Single Side Band Modulation
How to generate SSB signal?
 Generate DSB-SC signal
 Band-pass filter to pass only one of the sideband and suppress the other.
For the generation of SSB modulated signal to be possible, the message spectrum must have an
energy gap centered at the origin.

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 Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation
 The following are the drawbacks of SSB signal
generation:
 Generation of an SSB signal is difficult.
Selective filtering is to be done to get the original signal
back.
Phase shifter should be exactly tuned to 90o.
 To overcome these drawbacks, VSB modulation is used.
40
 Cont…
.

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 Generation of VSB
.

42
 Cont..
Instead of transmitting only one sideband as SSB, VSB modulation
transmits a partially suppressed sideband and a vestige of the other
sideband.

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Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods
.

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 Cont…
Full AM (or DSB-LC)
 Sidebands are transmitted in full with the carrier.
 Simple to demodulate / detect
 Poor power efficiency
 Wide bandwidth ( twice the bandwidth of the information signal)
 Used in commercial AM radio broadcasting, one transmitter and many receivers.
DSB-SC
 Less transmitted power than full AM and all the transmitted power is useful.
 Requires a coherent carrier at the receiver; This results in increased complexity in the
detector(i.e. synchronizer)
 Suited for point to point communication involving one transmitter and one receiver which
would justify the use of increased receiver complexity.

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 Cont…
SSB
 Good bandwidth utilization (message signal bandwidth = modulated signal
bandwidth)
 Good power efficiency
 Demodulation is harder as compares to full AM; Exact filter design and coherent
demodulation are required
 Preferred in long distance transmission of voice signals
VSB
 Offers a compromise between SSB and DSB-SC
 VSB is standard for transmission of TV and similar signals

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 Cont…
Bandwidth saving can be significant if modulating signals are
of large bandwidth as in TV and wide band data signals.
For example with TV the bandwidth of the modulating signal can
extend up to 5.5MHz; with full AM the bandwidth required is
11MHz.

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 .
.

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