John B. Watson was the father of behaviorism.

He emphasis from his perspective, should only

be on overt and observable behavior.

Other Behaviorists:
 Ivan Pavlov
 B. F Skinner
 Hull
 Edward C. Tolman
 Definition:
Behaviorism is also known as behavioral psychology, is the theory that
human or animal psychology can be objectively studied through
observable actions (behaviors), rather than thoughts and feelings that
can not be observed.

It is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are

acquired through conditioning.

Conditioning occurs through the interaction with the environment.

Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape
our actions.
John B. Watson:
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any
one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I
might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes,
even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.“
A Little Albert Experiment:
There are two major types of conditioning:

1. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

2. Operant Conditioning (B. F Skinner)
 Classical Conditioning ( Ivan Pavlov )

Definition:
Classical conditioning is learning
through association and was
discovered by Pavlov, a Russian
psychologist. In simple terms two
stimuli are linked together to
produced a new learned response in
a person or animal.
John Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning
(based on Pavlov`s observations) was able to explain all aspects of
human psychology.

Watson believed that all individual differences in behavior were due

to different experiences of learning.
Terms to know:
 Stimulus is something that exists in the surrounding or that is
presented.
 Response is how the animal/human responds to the stimulus.

To understand Pavlov's theory you need to know:

 The unconditional stimulus (US)
 The unconditional response (UR)
 The neutral stimulus (NR)
 The condition stimulus (CS)
 The condition response (CR)
The Classical theory of Ivan Pavlov:
Extinction:
A dog was conditioned to salivated to the sound of a bell. When the
bell was repeatedly presented without the presentation of food, the
salivation response eventually became extinct.
Spontaneous recovery:
Pavlov found that when extinction occurs, it doesn't mean that the
subject returns to their unconditioned state. Allowing several hours or
even days to elapse after a response has been extinguished can result
in spontaneous recovery of the response. Spontaneous recovery refers
to the sudden reappearance of a previously extinct response.
Generalization:
In Pavlov experiment dog response or salivate on every tone of
bell.

Discrimination:
Discrimination is the ability to differentiate, differentiate
between the bell tone.
 Operant conditioning ( B. F Skinner )

Definition:
Operant conditioning is a method of
learning that occurs through rewards
punishments for behavior. Through
operant conditioning, an individual
makes an association between a
particular behavior and a consequence
(Skinner 1938).
Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect reinforcement.

Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e, strengthened)

Behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out or be extinguished

(i.e, weakened)
Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting
experiments using animals which he placed in a "Skinner Box".
Skinner identified two types of responses, or operant, that can follow
behavior.

Reinforcement:
Reinforcement is define as the increase the behavior, to repeat
again and again in future.

Punishment:
Punishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is
designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it.
These are the types of reinforcement and punishment:
Positive reinforcement:
It strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds
rewarding.
Negative reinforcement:
It is the removal of an adverse stimulus to increase the behavior.
Positive punishment:
Positive punishment is presenting or giving aversive or undesirable stimulus
to decrease the behavior.
Negative punishment:
Negative punishment is the removal of desirable stimulus to decrease the
behavior.
 Conclusion:

Reinforcement is better than punishment.