FALLACIES OF

REASONING
By: Emmanuel M. Arcaya III
12- Stem Voltaire
 FALLACIES OF REASONING

Fallacies of Reasoning or Logical Reasoning refer to flaws

within the logic or reasoning of an argument. Meaning any kind of
error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.. It can involve
distorting or manipulating facts drawing false conclusions or
distracting you from the actual issue at hand.
 KINDS OF FALLACIES

There are many kinds of fallacies, Logical fallacies are often

used on debates. With confidence, they could manipulate one’s
perspective.
Each different fallacies has their own unique ways of trying to trick
you into agreement.
 FALSE CAUSE

This is one common fallacy where someone incorrectly identifies

the cause of something.
Example: people died of cancer before cigarettes were invented..
meaning smoking doesn’t cause cancer.

Though, both events did occur it doesn’t mean that one caused the
other. Note that Correlation does not equal causation.
 STRAW MAN

This happens when someone takes an argument and misrepresents it so it’s

easier to attack your opponent.
Example:

Let’s say Jane said “The Senator thinks we can solve all our ecological
problems by driving a Prius.”
Madelyn responds with “the Senator thinks the environment is such a wreck
that no one’s car choice or driving habits would make the slightest difference.
“
 STRAW MAN

A Straw Man is frequently used in politics in an effort to

discredit another politician’s views on a particular issue.
To sum it up: Straw man is misrepresenting someone else's
argument to make them seem better or worse.
BEGGING THE QUESTION

This is a type of circular argument where someone includes the

conclusion as a part of their reasoning

Example:
Gorge said: Ghosts do exist… cause I saw one in my closet..

Rather than assuming that ghosts exist from the very beginning Gorge
should be using evidence and reasoning to prove that they exist.
 FALSE DILEMMA

This is known by many names “Black-and-white fallacy,”

“Either-or fallacy,” “False dichotomy” and “Bifurcation fallacy.”
This line of reasoning fails by limiting the options to two when
there are in fact more options to choose from. Sometimes the
choices are between one thing, the other thing, or both things
together. When in reality, there are more possible options available
 FALSE DILEMMA

A great example of this is “Either you love me, or you hate

me.” or “If you are wrong, I must be right”

See if you can spot the 3rd option to these fallacies.

 CONCLUSION

Most fallacies in reasoning can be spotted by thinking critically

make sure to ask yourself if is it Logic at work here.. Or is it
Rhetoric? Does the proof actually lead to the conclusion? By
applying critical thinking you can identify the fallacies around you
and could prevent yourself using them as well.
THE END