MERRIE ANNE

P.BAGSIC
SCIENCE TEACHER
Do you
eat meals
regularly?
Did you eat the
right food you
need for good
health?
Are you getting the
nutrients you
needs from the
food you eat?
Were you be able to
follow most of the
nutritional
guidelines?
Maybe most of you
can answer YES…
but how about
them?
What can
you say
about them?
 BIOMOLECULES
Objectives:
1.Recognize the major categories of biomolecules
such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids;
1.Differentiate the biomolecules from each other in
terms of their structure and function.
What are
BIOMOLECULES?
 Organic compounds made by
living things
 Compounds essential to life
 Also called biochemicals
 Some are very large - polymers
 There are thousands of different
biomolecules, but are separated
into 4 categories
 ACTIVITY 1. Compound that I found!
Directions: Complete the missing letters to identify the given pictures of compounds.

1. __ __ __ t
s a l t
4. __ __ t __ __
w a t e r
2. __ m m __ __ __ __
a mm o n i a
5. __ __ __ __ g __ __
v i n e g a r

3. b __ __ __ __ __ s __ __ __
b ak in g s o d a
FOUR CATEGORIES OF
BIOMOLECULES

■CARBOHYDRATES
■LIPIDS
■PROTEINS
■NUCLEIC ACIDS
• The simplest biomolecules

• The word carbohydrate literally means

“HYDRATES OF CARBON”
(CH2O)n

• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
 Carbohydrates provide energy and
regulation of blood glucose.
 It prevents the breakdown of protein for
energy.
 Part of structural material of plants.
 Carbohydrates also help with fat
metabolism. If the body has enough
energy for its immediate needs, it stores
extra energy as fat.
Representation of Carbohydrates
Breaking down into microscopic molecules

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Disaccharide
 MONOSACCHARIDES
(mono-“one” sacchar- “sugar ”)
■simple sugars and monomers of
carbohydrates
■have a formula of (CH2O)n, and they
typically contain three to seven carbon
Monosaccharide atoms.
EXAMPLES OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
■GLUCOSE
■GALACTOSE
■FRUCTOSE
DISACCHARIDES
■form when two
monosaccharides undergo a
condensation reaction
EXAMPLES OF
DISACCHARIDES
■ MALTOSE
■ LACTOSE
■ SUCROSE
POLYSACCHARIDES
■A long chain of
monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds.
■The typical polysaccharide is
between 200 and 2500
monosaccharides long.
EXAMPLES OF
POLYSACCHARIDES
■ STARCH
■GLYCOGEN
■CELLULOSE
 ACTIVITY 2. Carbohydrates
1. What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
2. What are the elements that make up
carbohydrates?
1. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
2. What simple sugar is present in fruits?
3. What carbohydrate is composed of two simple
sugars (monosaccharides) linked by a
glycosidic bond?
4. What disaccharide will form after the
condensation reaction between glucose and
galactose?
7. What way of representing carbohydrates is shown
in figure 1?
For items 8 – 10, identify whether the following is
monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide.
7. Maltose
8. Starch
10.Galactose

Figure 1
ACTIVITY 2. Carbohydrates
Figure 1
• A class of biological molecules
defined by low solubility in water
• The word lipid is derived from a
greek word “lipos” which means FAT
• Contain 3 elements:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
■ But unlike carbohydrates, fats are more
complex & take much longer
to break down.

■ Lipids include:
– Fats
– Oils

■ are high-energy molecules that plants

and animals use to store energy in
reserves for longer periods.
 FUNCTIONS
•Energy source
and storage
• structural components of cell

• Shock absorption and

insulation(maintains
homeostasis)

• Hormones
CLASSIFICATION OF
LIPIDS
■ Fats and Oils
■ Waxes
■ Phospholipids
■ Steroids
■ Prostaglandins
 Fats and Oils
■ These are the most abundant of
the lipid compounds.
■ Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
– made up of a glycerol and 3
fatty acids
■ Lipids that are harder and less
greasy compared to fats.

■ Have high melting point at

solid at room temperature.
• Form part of the structure of the cell
membrane

• Important in the transport of lipids

in the body

• Made up of a glycerol,
phosphate group and two fatty acids
 STEROIDS
• Also called sterols

• Lipids characterized by the presence

of four linked carbon
rings – 3 cyclohexane rings and 1
cyclopentane rings.

• Examples:
• Cholesterol
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
FATS

 Biochemically synthesized from the

fatty acid, arachidonic acid
 Produce fevers and inflammatory
OILS reactions
 Functions:
 Stimulate constriction of damaged
blood vessels
 Induce labor and reproductive
processes
 Increase blood flow in kidneys
 Also known as POLYPEPTIDES

 Important component of all living systems

and perform diverse functions inside the cell

 Contain the following elements:

 Carbon
 Oxygen
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
 Immunoglobulin
G (IgG)

Enzymes carry
out almost all of
the thousands of
Phenylalaninehy
chemical
droxylase
reactions that
take place in
cells.
  Also called as POLYNUCLEOTIDES

 Large molecules used by living

organisms for the storage and
transmission of genetic information.

 Nucleic acids are molecules that code

for hereditary traits by controlling the
production of protein

 Made of:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Phosphorus
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
 to create, encode, and store biological
information in cells, and serve to
transmit and express that information
inside and outside the nucleus.