JAPANESE

ENCEPHALITIS
Philip sebastian
 It is an acute viral infection of central
nervous system. It is a zoonotic disease
manifested by meningo myeloencephalitis
and has a high case of fatality rate. Clinical
recognition of the disease was first made in
Japan in 1924 when it was named as
Japanese B encephalitis
MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
 Encephalitis due to JE virus occurs in eastern
siberia, china, korea, japan, taiwan, ...etc
JE IN INDIA
 Human disease due to JE virus was first
recognised in 1955 in north Arcot district of
Tamilnadu and Chittor district of AP
VARIATION OF JE INCIDENCE
 JE does not occur uniformly all over the
affected states.
 Case fatality rate ranged from 10% in
Tamilnadu to 53.5%
SEASONAL VARIATIONS
 In south India JE out breaks have occurred
during the later half of the year coinciding
with rainy season and period of high
mosquito
AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION
 It may occur at any age but children are
affected most. In south india most of the
cases are among children. In other parts of
the country children (0-10 years) contribute
36-66% of the total cases
CLINICAL /SUBCLINICAL RATIO
 Studies conducted some parts of the country
indicated clinical/subclinical ratio as 1:64-
1:300.
RESERVOIR
 It is a zoonotic disease having its natural
cycle in pigs and certain species of birds.
VECTOR
 In India 11 species of mosquitoes belonging
to three genera have been incriminated as
the vector of JE virus
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND
RESISTANCE
 Susceptibility to clinical disease is usually
highest in infancy and old age, but varies
with type.
CLINICAL FEATURES
 3 stages
 1) prodromal stage
 2) acute encephalitis stage
 3) late convalescent stage
 Prodromal stage is characterised by malaise,
headache, and fever

 During acute encephalitis stage predominant

features are confusion, fever,
convulsions..etc

 Late convalescent stage begins when the

temperature and ESR level become normal
 Diagnosis of JE during an epidemic is not very
difficult, caution is needed to avoid over
diagnosis
CONTROL
 As with other viral diseases there is no
specific treatment for JE. How ever
supportive and symptomatic treatment plays
a very important role.
MEASURES AGAINST
MOSQUITOES
 Residual sprays
 Space sprays
 Elimination of breeding places
 Chemical methods
 Biological methods
 Spraying
 JE vaccination may be offered to the
population at high risk. Vaccination may be
limited to the age group of 1-15 years . But
in an area where adults are also affected
vaccination in adults should also considered.
 For primary immunisation 2 doses of
1ml(0.5ml for children less than 3 years)
should be given subcutaneously at an interal
of 7-14 days and a booster dose should be
given one year.

 Subsequent boosters are recommended after

3 years when out break occurred.
STD
 The sexually transmitted diseases known as
venereal diseases are a group of
communicable diseases that are transmitted
predominantly by sexual contact and caused
by a wide range of bacterial, viral, protozoal
and fungal agents and ectoparasites.
 STDs constitute a major problem in India
next only to malaria and tuberculosis.
Syphilis and gonorrhoea are widely prevalent
in india. The trends in gonorrhoea and
syphilis is on the increase.
CAUSATIVE AGENTS
 Over 20 pathogens have been found to be
transmitted by sexual contact.
SOCIAL FACTORS
 STDs are called as social diseases. The basic
factors responsible for spread of STD is
prostitution.
CONTROL OF STD
 Case findings
 Case holding and treatment
 Personal prophylaxis
 Social therapy
 Health education
 HUMAN
SALMONELLOSIS
 Human salmonellosis covers a complex group
of food borne infections affecting both men
and animals. The term food poisoing is also
commonly applied to salmonellosis.
 Salmonellosis is a global problem. Human
salmonellosis represents 60 to80% of the
reported cases. While the incidence of
typhoid fever has declined the incidence of
other salmonella infections has increased in
the developed countries.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTORS
 Salmonella comprise a large and important
group of bacteria. This group is now known
to comprise more than 2500 serotypes
capable of infecting humans.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF
INFECTION
 The main reservoir of salmonella is the
intestinal tract of man and animals. The
source of infecting agent could be
contaminated food, animals, man or the
environment.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Ingestion of contaminated food
 Direct contact with animals
INCUBATION PERIOD
 6-72 days
C/F
 Clinically the disease may be manifested by
any one of the three syndrome
 1.entric fever
 2.salmonella enterocolitis (gastroentritis)
 3.septicemia with focal lesions
 inflammation of the bone, inflammation of
the kidney, joint inflammation..etc.
PREVENTION AND CONTROLL
 Disease control
 Uses of hygienic animal feed
 Ensuring sanitary environment of the animal
 Hygienic slaughtering and milking
 HOOK WORM
INFESTATION
 Hookworm disease is a chronic infestation of
the small intestine by Ancylostoma
duodenale or Necator americanus.

 It causes anaemia, cardiac dilatation and

cardiac failure. It retards physical growth
and mental development of children and
handicaps the progress of agriculture and
industry.
 It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical
countries where faeces are not disposed off
properly.

 Ancyclostoma duodenale is prevalent in

mediteranean countries , Necator
Americanus is prevalent in America
LIFE HISTORY OF WORM
 It is almost cylindrical in shape , female
worm is 8-18mm and male 6 to 10mm in
length.

 Its body is thread like, head conical shaped,

large oval mouth which is provided with 4
hook like teeth on the vertical side of the
buccal cavity and 2 knob teeth on the dorsal
side.
 The patient passes very large number of ova
in his faeces and further development takes
place in moist earth . In about 5 days after
hatching the larvae move actively in their
sheaths and the ensheathed are seen
crawling over the blades of the grass.
 The larvae survive in moisture and shade for
months together but die in dry condition.
They pass 2 molts before they become
infective . When these larvae enter in to the
human body through sweat glands or hair
follicles , fix themselves under the skin of
the person and give rise to toe itch, ground
itch, or ground sore
 After reaching subcutaneous tissues they
migrate through the veins or lymphatic
vessels to the heart , lungs and then to the
bronchial tubes from where they are
swallowed in to the stomach , where they
lose their protective sheath and pass in to
the intestine where they develop in to adult
worm with in 4 weeks
HOST
 The common group affected in between 5-40
years. The disease is most common in prime
of the life and less in old age , females are
suffering more than male

 Reservoir of the infection are cases and

carriers.
 Mode of transmission is through the skin by
infected filariform larvae and rarely by oral
route.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 In the pre-intestinal phase infected larvae
enter through the skin of the bare foot of the
person
 Haemorrhage
 Anaemia
 Slight fever and loss of appetite
 Malnutrition
 Affected persons have low body resistence
DIAGNOSIS
 Patient who have anaemia show about 29%
eosinophilia in the blood
 Microscopic examination of the faeces will
show presence of the eggs in all infected
persons stool.
 Patient stool contains little amount of blood
COMPLICATION
 Allergic reactions
 Lungs are predisposed for pulmonary
infection
 Pneumonia
 Mental and physical development issues
CONTROL MEASURES
 Source isolation
 No need of isolation of patients and contact
 Disinfect and dispose off faeces care fully
 Follow up and preventive measures
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
 People must maintain personal hygiene
 People should have a habit of wearing
chappals
 Provision of adequate latrine and urinals
SPECIFIC TREATMENT
 Mebendazole
GI INFECTIONS
 Gastrointestinal infections are viral,
bacterial or parasitic infection that causes
gasteroenteritis, an inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract involving both the
stomach and the small intestine. Symptoms
include diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal
pain..etc