15 Feb 2020

State Estimation

Shrita Singh 17D170009

Samarth Siddhartha 17B030011

Why State Estimation?

1. State of a power system is the voltage and phase angle of each bus in the system.
2. Before any assessments are made or control actions taken - existing state of the system
must be estimated reliably
3. Cannot restrict measurements to absolute minimum required: If even one of these inputs
is unavailable (some meter breaks) , the conventional power-flow solution cannot be
obtained.
4. Cannot restrict measurements to absolute minimum required: gross errors in one or
more of the input quantities can cause the power-flow results to become useless.
5. In practice, other conveniently measured quantities such as P, Q line flows are available,
that can be used to estimate the state of our system
Weighted Least Squares Method
The method of least squares is often used to " best fit" measured data relating two or more
quantities. The best estimates are chosen as those which minimize the weighted sum o f the
squares o f the measurement errors.

If e were zero (the ideal case): any two of the meter readings would give exact and consistent
readings from which the true values of x could be determined.
The true values of x and e cannot be determined, but we can calculate estimates x^ and e^.
Minimizing error would be our criterion of deciding what x^ and e^ to chose.

It is preferable to minimize the direct sum of the squares of the errors. To ensure that
measurements from meters of known greater accuracy are treated more favorably than less
accurate measurements, each term i n the sum of squares is multiplied by an appropriate
weighting factor w to give the objective function:
From equating gradient to 0:
Hx : Jacobian of e wrt x

G : Defined as Gain Matrix

W: Diagonal matrix of weighting factors (decided using variance of each error)

Iterative Regression and Power Systems
Power systems would have nonlinear relations between measurements and error estimates:

An analytical solution would be difficult to obtain in such cases.

Thus, we use iterative methods to estimate our state:

9k)

We can set a limit to norm(x(k+1) - x(k)) and impose this requirement for convergence.

Upon convergence, we can also check if our estimates have low error or if there is bad data
present in our measurements.
Upon analysing the behaviour of f^ assuming e^ to me a gaussian distribution, we get f^
behaving as a chi square distribution.

Now we can set a confidence interval, so that we can put some limit on this quantity.
If the value of f^ is greater than this limit we can use this relation to analyse which data to be
rejected:
3 Bus System - An Example
Measurement Error Relation
HX Matrix (Jacobian)
Estimated state, and HX Matrix for this example
Voltage Angle Estimation Plots (with V1 as reference)
Voltage Magnitude Estimation Plots (in pu)
Thank you!