training on

Clutch
Clutches are mechanisms which enable
the rotary motion of one shaft to be
transmitted at will to a second shaft ,
whose axis is coincident that of the first.
It permit the driver to couple or
uncouple the engine and transmission.
It is necessary to interrupt the flow of
power before gears are shifted.
Otherwise, gear shifting would be
extremely difficult if not impossible.
 Clutch classification

Type Type

Positive Clutch Coil Spring or Axial Spring

Diaphgram
Fluid coupling
Gradual engagement Clutch Fluid coupling with torque converter

Type Actuation
Single Plate Mechanical
Multi plate Hydraulic
Dry Pneumatic
Wet
 in mahindra
Dry - Single & Dual -
Mechanical actuation Clutch
Type Clutch Dia. Supplier Model Remark
Coil Spring 10 " Single Clutch Auto Bhumiputra Yuvraj & 235 DI
Coil Spring 11 " Single Clutch Auto Bhumiputra Regular
Ordinary Clutch
11 " Single Sarpanch
Plate
Diaphgram Valeo &
Cera Metalic
11 " Single Arjun
Clutch Plate
models with For Mahindra
Dual 11 " Double Luk
CRPTO Transmission
models with For Carraro
Dual 11 " Double Carraro
CRPTO Transmission
Clutch Plate
construction

Clutch operation
Construction - Coil type
Coil spring Clutch assembly
Diaphragm Clutch assembly
Flywheel runout
 Fly wheel & pressure plate runout.
PROCEDURE

Remove the clutch plate &

the pressure plate.
Place the magnetic stand
with the dial indicator on
the body of the tractor &
check the run out of the
flywheel.
If found on the indicator,
the flywheel must faced
(fine cut).Check the run
out by a dial indicator if
found, face the pressure
plate (fine cut).
 Clutch alignment & finger setting
Procedure
Remove the clutch plate
& pressure plates &
clean it.
Refit the clutch plate &
pressure plate on the
flywheel, with a
centralizer tool fitted on
the plates.
Adjust the pressure
plate fingers with the
help of centralizer tool.
 Clutch Padel free play setting
Procedure
Loosen the clutch shaft
bolts.
Rotate the – Clockwise
– to reduce the play
Anticlockwise – to
increase the play.
After adjusting the play
within the specified unit
i.e. ½ inch, tighten the
bolts again.
training on
Spur gears

Helical gears
 General Definitions

Gear ratio when the two shafts are

connected by gears ,the ratio between the
speed of those shaft will be always constant
and this constant ratio is called GEAR RATIO.

Speed of A No. of teeth in B

------------------- = ----------------------------- = constant.

Speed of B No. of teeth in A

 Basic principle of gears

No. of teeth 20

Gear Ratio - 1 : 2

No. of teeth 40

Speed : half
torque : double
Basic principle of gears
 Basic principle of gears

Idler gear does not effect the gear ratio.

Idler gear is used to fill the gap.
Idler gear helps in changing the direction
of rotation.
Transmission Function
The transmission provides a means of varying the gear
ratio between the engine & rear wheel.

In engine, the crankshaft always rotates in the same

direction. The transmission also provides gearing to
reverse torque drive direction so that the tractor can
run in reverse.

Every engine operates within a specific rpm. Torque &

Power are not delivered at uniform rates throughout
the operating range; the respective maxima are
available only within specific bands.

The transmission ratio adapt the available torque to the

momentary requirement for tractive force.
Transmission must perform
• remain stationary even when engine is runing.
• achieving the transition from a stationary to a
mobile state.
• converting torque and rotational speed.
• providing for forward & reverse motion.
• compensating for wheel speed variations in
curves.
• ensuring that the power unit remains within a
range on the operating curve commensurate
with minimum fuel consumption & exhaust
emissions.
 Type of Transmission

Gear shift
Manual Gear shifting mechanism
Semi Automatic
Mechanical
Fully automatic Hydraulic
Gear arrangement Pneumatic
Electronic
Slidingmesh
direct remote
Constantmesh
centre side
Synchromesh
 mahindra - Transmission
Gear Box - mahindra
Type Model
Sliding mesh Bhumiputra
Partial
Sarpanch
Constant Mesh

Constant mesh Arjun

Synchromesh Export models

Gear train
Gear train
Gear train
Sliding mesh Gearbox
Sliding mesh Gearbox
Sliding mesh Gearbox
Sliding mesh Gearbox
Constant mesh Gearbox
Constant mesh Gearbox
Constant mesh Gearbox
Constant mesh Gearbox
Constant mesh Gearbox
 Constant mesh Gearbox
Gear shifting - lower gear to higher gear.

double de-clutching is required.

1 Release accelerator.
2 Press clutch - 1st time.
3 Shift gear lever - 1st to neutral.
4 Release the clutch.
5 Press clutch - 2nd time.
6 Shift gear lever - neutral to 2nd gear.
Release the clutch and simultaneously
7
accelerate.
 Constant mesh Gearbox
Gear shifting - lower gear to higher gear.

Double de-clutching will result in engine power

loss and engine rpm drop hence the rpm of the 2nd
gear will drop rapidly.
Constant mesh Gearbox
Gear shifting - hurdles.
 Constant mesh Gearbox
Gear shifting - higher gear to lower gear.
double de-clutching with slight
acceleration is required.
1 Release accelerator.
2 Press clutch - 1st time.
3 Shift gear lever - 2nd to neutral.
4 Release the clutch.
5 Accelerate the engine slightly.
6 Press clutch - 2nd time.
7 Shift gear lever - neutral to 1st gear.
Release the clutch and simultaneously
8
accelerate.
 Constant mesh Gearbox
Gear shifting - higher gear to lower gear.

Slight acceleration in neutral & clutch engaged

condition will result in higher engine rpm hence the
rpm of the 1st gear will increase rapidly.
Synchro mesh Gearbox
Synchro mesh Gearbox
Synchro mesh Gearbox
Synchro mesh Gearbox
Synchro mesh Gearbox
 Gear box - all models

LOW-
HIGH- Drive
Spline 4th / shaft
Sl. Models 1st & Rev 2nd 3rd 4th Ring gear / Spline gear Bull pinion / Bull gear
Counter Gear /
4th Constant
Mesh

Ring Spline Bull Bull

Coun. Spl. Coun. Spl. Coun. Spl. Coun. Spl. Ratio Ratio
gear gear pinion gear

1 235 DI 33 / 37 18 / 52 19 50 26 44 31 39 37 33 11 46 4.182 14 45 3.21429

2 245 DI 31 / 34 16 / 54 16 54 24 45 31 39 34 31 11 46 4.182 13 48 3.69231
3 255 DI REG 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 15 68 4.53333
4 255 DI YU 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 16 67 4.1875
5 265 Orchard 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
6 265 DI NST 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
7 265 DI BP 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
8 275 DI NST 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
9 275 DI BP 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
275 IDI 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 15 68 4.53333
10 275 DI TUBP 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 15 68 4.53333
11 365 DI BP 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
12 475 DI BP 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
13 475 DI NST 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
14 575 DI BP 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
15 575 DI NST 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
16 585 DI
17 595 DI Turbo 31 / 39 15 / 55 18 52 26 44 32 38 39 31 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.69231
 Why You Need a Differential

While taking a turn, each wheel travels a different

distance through the turn. The inside wheels travel a
shorter distance than the outside wheels. Since speed is
equal to the distance traveled divided by the time it
takes to go that distance, the wheels that travel a
shorter distance travel at a lower speed.

For the non-driven wheels on tractor - the front

wheels, there is no connection between them, so they
spin independently. Hence outer wheel can rotate at
higher speed than inner wheel.
Why You Need a Differential
For the driven wheels on tractor - the rear wheels,
there is a connection between them, so they can not
spin independently.
Differential is a mechanism which allows both the
driven wheels on tractor - the rear wheels, to rotate at
different speed.
Why happens if there is no Differential ?
If the tractor did not have a differential, the wheels
would have to be locked together, forced to spin at the
same speed. This would make turning difficult and
hard. For the tractor to be able to turn, one tyre would
have to slip.
Crown Wheel Pinion & Differential layout
 Crown Wheel Pinion
It transfer the power at
right angle.
It provides
Gear Reduction.
It houses differential cage
assembly.
 Ring / Spline gear & Bull pinion ratio
Sl. Models Ring gear Spline gear Ratio Bull pinion Bull gear Ratio

1 235 DI 11 46 4.182 14 45 3.214

2 245 DI 11 46 4.182 13 48 3.692
3 255 DI REG 9 44 4.889 15 68 4.533
4 255 DI YU 9 44 4.889 16 67 4.188
5 265 Orchard
9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
6 265 DI NST 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
7 265 DI BP 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
8 275 DI NST 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
9 275 DI BP 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
275 IDI 9 44 4.889 15 68 4.533
10 275 DI TUBP
9 44 4.889 15 68 4.533
11 365 DI BP 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
12 475 DI BP 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
13 475 DI NST 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
14 575 DI BP 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
15 575 DI NST 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
16 585 DI
17 595 DI Turbo 9 44 4.889 13 48 3.692
 How a Differential works ?

The differential is a device that splits the engine torque

two ways, allowing each output to spin at a different
speed.

When a vehicle is driving straight down the road, both

drive wheels are spinning at the same speed. The input
pinion is turning the Crown wheel.

The cage rotates with the Crown wheel, and none of

the Bevel Pinions within the cage are rotating -- both
side gears are effectively locked to the cage.
 How a Differential works ?
While taking turn, the cage rotates with the Crown
wheel and also the Bevel Pinions within the cage are
rotating.

While taking turn, the pinions in the cage start to spin

in its own axis as the vehicle begins to turn, allowing
the wheels to move at different speeds. The inside
wheel spins slower than the cage, while the outside
wheel spins faster.